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The picture shows the reversible deformation mechanism and response behavior of liquid metal in NaOH solution based on the SCHEME principle
Recently, the Joint Research Group of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University reported on the first discovered chemical-electrical design to achieve large-scale reversible deformation of liquid metal objects in the "Scientific Report" (Zhang et al., Scientific Reports, 2014). Synergetically Chemical-Electrical Mechanism.
This is another important finding of the group following the discovery of the basic phenomenon of deformable liquid metal (Sheng et al., Advanced Materials, 2014, cover article). Compared to the previous single electrical control, the SCHEME method successfully achieved large-scale reversible deformation of liquid metal materials, making it a crucial step toward the development of flexible smart machines.
In this research paper entitled Synthetically chemical-electrical mechanism for controlling large scale reversible deformation of liquid metal objects, the authors introduced acid, The alkaline electrolyte solution reveals the various reversible behaviors of the liquid metal helium under the control of the combined electric field between the sphere and the asphere, and the mechanism and influencing factors of the SCHEME are proved. Studies have shown that pure germanium has a very high surface tension (approximately 700 mN/m), which means that the spherical morphology can be maintained on a flat surface; while the surface tension of antimony oxide tends to be close to zero, so that it can be caused by the dual effects of gravity and electricity. The horizontal direction is greatly expanded.
In acid or alkaline electrolytes, a layer of yttrium oxide film is rapidly generated on the surface of the ball by applying electricity, which causes a sudden drop in surface tension, thereby achieving an unfolding or even splitting effect; once the voltage is cut off, the previously formed The yttrium oxide layer is then dissolved by the electrolyte, and the pure germanium is exposed again to the chemical solution. The surface tension of the liquid metal object then automatically recovers. The deformation body then shrinks to the original shape of the sphere, and the split liquid metal is automatically fused. In this way, the surface tension of the liquid metal crucible can be controlled by changing the voltage magnitude and the electrolyte concentration, thereby achieving the corresponding deformation and discrete amplitude. These basic findings provide key technical support for the development of liquid metal flexible machines.
Studies have also revealed that if the electrode position is changed at the same time during energization, the liquid metal will grow and move toward the electrode. The team's research at the beginning of this year showed that although a single electric field control (such as pure water for the solution) can be used to achieve reversible deformation by means of switching of electrode polarity (corresponding to oxidation and reduction processes of liquid metal surfaces), the deformation range Weak. In contrast, liquid metals based on the SCHEME mechanism exhibit significant advantages in response speed and deformation. In addition, if the time-space characteristics of the adjusted electric field such as the use of sinusoidal voltage power supply, it is also easy to achieve similar to the heart beat like reciprocating reversible liquid metal behavior, can be used directly as a pump; with the electrode response, but also to create a corresponding valve.
The series of experiments also showed that these deformations are not limited to simple liquid metal gallium. Binary indium, gallium indium tin, gallium indium tin zinc, and other complex alloys, such as gallium indium, indium tin, and zinc, also tend to exhibit corresponding reversible deformation behaviors. The metal experiment can more clearly reveal the most fundamental SCHEME mechanism. From a technical point of view, if computer programming is used to control the voltage size and power supply, electrode spacing and arrangement, liquid metal volume and flow channel material and shape, and even the electrolyte solution type and concentration, you can get ridiculous deformation behavior. This, to a large extent, confirms the super-deformation capabilities of the liquid metal robots deduced in the sci-fi movie Terminator.
The discovery of the reversible deformation effect of the above series of liquid metals has important scientific and practical value. For the first time, it has been systematically stated that the synergistic mechanism of multiple field effects can accurately adjust the surface tension of liquid metal and then achieve dexterous manipulation. The theoretical basis of large-scale reversible deformation of liquid metal objects will greatly accelerate the development of flexible intelligent machines.
At present, as a new generation of machine types, software robots are in the early stages of development and it is crucial to find the active substances and control mechanisms. Liquid metal, as a large new class of functional materials, has shown inherent advantages on the road to high-performance flexible actuators.
The discovery of the reversible and controllable deformation effects of the above liquid metal, especially the clarification of the SCHEME mechanism, points out a new direction for the development of software robot technology in the future. If such a reversible deformation unit is encapsulated with a flexible material and a specific microelectronic chip is embedded in a specially designed distributed array, a flexible robot based on a liquid metal material and a SCHEME mechanism may be developed. In particular, with the future human-machine interface technology, this kind of software robot will also have a great deal in the medical and health field.
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