In the 20th century to the 21st century, fossil fuels have a potential energy shortage crisis, especially gasoline extracted from oil, which is a cause of the global oil crisis. At present, the world is moving towards the development of renewable energy and nuclear energy, which can help increase global energy demand.
The continuous burning of fossil fuels by humans to emit carbon dioxide (one of the main sources of greenhouse gases) is one of the factors that accelerate global warming. In addition, the carbon dioxide component of biofuels comes from the atmosphere, so the development of biofuels can reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thereby reducing the greenhouse effect.
So far, the fuels used in countries around the world are almost all fossil fuels, namely oil, natural gas and coal. The fossil fuels that have evolved over the course of millions of years in nature may have been exhausted by humans for hundreds of years. According to observations and research, there is no coal or oil in the ground today. Oil, also known as crude oil, is a yellow to black flammable viscous liquid that often coexists with natural gas and is a very complex mixture. The nature of petroleum varies from place to place, and the density, viscosity, and freezing point vary widely. For example, the freezing point is as high as 30 ° C, and some as low as -66 ° C. The calorific value is from 43.7 to 46.2 MJ/kg. The boiling point of each component in petroleum is also very large, ranging from 25 ° C to 500 ° C. The main elements in oil are carbon and hydrogen, which account for 83 to 87% and 11 to 14%, respectively. In addition, it contains a small amount of sulfur (0.06 to 8%), nitrogen (0.02 to 1.7%), oxygen (0.08 to 1.8%), and trace metals (nickel, vanadium, iron, copper). Natural gas, in a broad sense, refers to the general term for gases that are naturally formed in the formation. However, the natural gas usually refers only to the flammable gas (gaseous fossil fuel) stored in the deeper part of the stratum and the gas coexisting with petroleum (commonly referred to as oilfield associated gas). The main component of natural gas is methane.
In addition, according to different geological conditions, different amounts of low-carbon alkanes such as ethane, propane, butane, pentane, and hexane, and non-hydrocarbons such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfides are also contained. Some gas fields also contain helium. Natural gas with a high methane content is called dry gas, and natural gas with a high alkane content of two or more carbon atoms is called moisture. China's Sichuan Zigong is rich in natural gas. Coal is also called coal, which is a solid flammable mineral buried underground. Coal is a mixture, there is no single molecular structure, and after long-term research by scientists, there has been a general introduction to coal structure. There are a large number of carbon atom rings in the structure of coal, some rings are fused to each other, and some ring bonds are combined into long chains. The more common one is WH Huai Ze's structure model of bituminous coal, but none of them can reveal the physical structure of coal. The organic matter in coal is mainly carbon, followed by hydrogen, and also elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
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