When the molecular weight is similar, linear molecules tend to have lower retention compared to branched or spherical molecules, which exhibit higher retention due to their more complex structures.
Several factors influence the rejection behavior during membrane separation processes:
1. **Relative Molecular Weight**: The size of the molecule plays a significant role in determining how effectively it is retained by the membrane.
2. **Molecular Properties**:
(1) Even when molecular weights are comparable, the shape of the molecule affects its retention. Linear molecules typically pass through the membrane more easily, while branched and spherical molecules are more likely to be retained.
(2) In charged membranes, the charge interaction between the membrane and solute significantly impacts rejection. Molecules with opposite charges to the membrane are less likely to be rejected, while those with the same charge face greater resistance.
(3) If the membrane has an adsorptive property toward a particular solute, the rejection rate of that solute increases as it becomes more tightly bound to the membrane surface.
3. **Effect of Other Polymer Solute**:
When multiple polymers are present in the solution, the rejection of one solute can increase compared to when it is alone. This is often attributed to concentration polarization, where the solute accumulates near the membrane surface, increasing the effective resistance.
4. **Operating Conditions**:
(1) As temperature increases, the viscosity of the solution decreases, which can lead to a reduction in the rejection rate.
(2) Higher flow velocity at the membrane surface helps reduce concentration polarization, thereby decreasing the rejection rate.
(3) At the isoelectric point of a protein, the net charge on the protein is zero, leading to minimal electrostatic repulsion. This allows for greater accumulation of proteins on the membrane surface, forming a thick gel polarization layer, which increases the resistance and thus the rejection of the solute.
These factors collectively determine the efficiency of membrane separation processes and are crucial in optimizing filtration systems for various applications.
Source: http://
Editor: Hardware Business Network Information Center, http://news.chinawj.com.cn
Several factors influence the rejection behavior during membrane separation processes:
1. **Relative Molecular Weight**: The size of the molecule plays a significant role in determining how effectively it is retained by the membrane.
2. **Molecular Properties**:
(1) Even when molecular weights are comparable, the shape of the molecule affects its retention. Linear molecules typically pass through the membrane more easily, while branched and spherical molecules are more likely to be retained.
(2) In charged membranes, the charge interaction between the membrane and solute significantly impacts rejection. Molecules with opposite charges to the membrane are less likely to be rejected, while those with the same charge face greater resistance.
(3) If the membrane has an adsorptive property toward a particular solute, the rejection rate of that solute increases as it becomes more tightly bound to the membrane surface.
3. **Effect of Other Polymer Solute**:
When multiple polymers are present in the solution, the rejection of one solute can increase compared to when it is alone. This is often attributed to concentration polarization, where the solute accumulates near the membrane surface, increasing the effective resistance.
4. **Operating Conditions**:
(1) As temperature increases, the viscosity of the solution decreases, which can lead to a reduction in the rejection rate.
(2) Higher flow velocity at the membrane surface helps reduce concentration polarization, thereby decreasing the rejection rate.
(3) At the isoelectric point of a protein, the net charge on the protein is zero, leading to minimal electrostatic repulsion. This allows for greater accumulation of proteins on the membrane surface, forming a thick gel polarization layer, which increases the resistance and thus the rejection of the solute.
These factors collectively determine the efficiency of membrane separation processes and are crucial in optimizing filtration systems for various applications.
Source: http://
Editor: Hardware Business Network Information Center, http://news.chinawj.com.cn
Door and window bracket product classification
Door and window brackets are important hardware accessories used to support and fix doors and windows. They play a key role in the field of construction and decoration. According to different functions, materials and usage scenarios, our door and window bracket products can be divided into the following main categories:
1. Sliding door and window brackets
Description: Suitable for sliding door and window systems, providing a smooth opening and closing experience.
Features: Made of wear-resistant materials, low friction coefficient, to ensure long-term use.
Applicable scenarios: Suitable for doors and windows that need to be opened and closed frequently.
2. Hinged door and window brackets
Description: Provides stable support for hinged doors and windows.
Features: High-strength design, suitable for doors and windows that bear heavy weight.
Applicable scenarios: Commonly used for external opening windows in residential and commercial buildings.
3. Hidden door and window brackets
Description: Installed inside the door and window frame, providing a clean appearance.
Features: Good concealment, does not affect the beauty of doors and windows.
Applicable scenarios: Suitable for modern architectural designs that pursue a simple appearance.
4. Multi-point locking door and window brackets
Description: Enhance the sealing and safety of doors and windows through a multi-point locking mechanism.
Features: Multiple contact points, providing better anti-theft performance.
Applicable scenarios: Suitable for residential and commercial spaces that require high security performance.
5. Adjustable door and window brackets
Description: Allow users to adjust the opening angle and position of doors and windows as needed.
Features: Adjustment function, improves convenience of use.
Applicable scenarios: Suitable for door and window adjustment in different seasons or different usage needs.
6. Heavy-duty door and window brackets
Description: Designed for heavy or large doors and windows, providing additional support.
Features: Super strong load-bearing capacity, suitable for large construction projects.
Applicable scenarios: Suitable for industrial facilities, large public buildings, etc.
7. Corrosion-resistant door and window brackets
Description: With special surface treatment, it has good corrosion resistance.
Features: Suitable for use in coastal or high humidity environments.
Applicable scenarios: Suitable for seaside buildings or tropical climate areas..
8. Environmentally friendly door and window brackets
Description: Made of recyclable materials or low environmental impact materials.
Features: Meet environmental standards and reduce the impact on the environment.
Applicable scenarios: Suitable for green buildings and sustainable development projects.
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BOGO HARDWARE & FITTING CO.,LTD , https://www.bogo-hardware.com