In a major development, genetically modified salmon, known as transgenic salmon, has taken a significant step toward reaching consumers' dinner tables. On November 27, Beijing time, reports emerged that the production of fast-growing genetically modified salmon roe has been approved, marking a key milestone in the commercialization of genetically modified fish. Scientists combined genes from the oceanic cod (Zoarces americanus) and the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to create a faster-growing species, which could revolutionize aquaculture.
Currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is in the final stages of reviewing the approval, which would make this the first genetically modified animal to be sold for human consumption. While salmon is the first such fish to receive attention, several companies are already planning to introduce genetically modified tilapia and other fast-growing fish into the market. Industry experts predict that the global market for these fish could reach $100 billion annually.
These genetically modified salmon grow much faster than their wild or farmed counterparts. They can reach lengths of up to 24 inches (0.6 meters) and weigh around 3 kilograms within just 18 months—far quicker than traditional Atlantic salmon, which take about three years to reach similar sizes. Some varieties, like those developed by AquaBounty Technologies, can even grow up to 5 kilograms.
The genetic modifications involve introducing growth hormone genes from oceanic cod, allowing the fish to grow continuously throughout the year rather than only during warmer seasons. This enables aquaculture companies to harvest more fish at once, increasing efficiency and profitability.
AquaBounty, based in Canada, has listed on the London Stock Exchange and is actively seeking investment. Recently, the company received Canadian government approval to commercialize its genetically modified salmon eggs at a facility in Prince Edward Island. The eggs are then transported to a landlocked farm in western Panama, where they are raised in controlled environments before being shipped globally.
To prevent any risk of escape into the wild, all transgenic salmon are female and sterile, reducing the chance of interbreeding with native populations. Fisheries and Oceans Canada conducted a thorough risk assessment involving independent scientists and environmental experts, concluding that the genetically modified salmon pose no threat to the environment or human health when produced in controlled facilities.
Despite these assurances, some groups remain skeptical. Critics argue that even with safeguards, there is a potential risk of contamination or ecological imbalance if anything goes wrong. In the UK, organizations like GeneWatch have voiced strong concerns, claiming that the facilities in Panama lack proper oversight and safety protocols.
Additionally, the European Food Safety Authority has faced criticism for not ensuring sufficient safety checks before allowing GM fish into the EU market. Questions also remain about whether imported genetically modified fish should be clearly labeled, a requirement many consumers support but governments have resisted.
Public opinion in the UK shows that most people believe labeling GM products is essential, yet the government has previously opposed mandatory labeling. Meanwhile, Canadian advocacy groups like the Canadian Biotechnology Action Network have criticized the government’s decision, warning that the production of genetically modified fish eggs could harm wild salmon populations.
As the debate continues, the future of genetically modified salmon remains uncertain, but its arrival on the global market signals a new era in food production and biotechnology.
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