In a major development, genetically modified salmon, known as transgenic salmon, have taken a significant step toward reaching consumers' dinner tables. On November 27, Beijing time, reports emerged that the rapid growth of genetically modified salmon roe has been approved, marking a key milestone in the commercialization of transgenic fish. Scientists combined genes from oceanic cod (Zoarces americanus) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to create a faster-growing species. This breakthrough is now under final review by U.S. regulatory agencies, which will decide whether this will be the first genetically modified animal to appear on supermarket shelves.
While salmon is the first genetically modified fish to gain approval, several companies are already planning to introduce fast-growing versions of salmon and tilapia into the market. Biotech firms believe this could generate annual profits of up to $10 billion. These genetically modified fish can grow to 24 inches (about 0.6 meters) and weigh around 3 kilograms within 18 months—far quicker than traditional farmed Atlantic salmon, which take about three years to reach the same size. Some strains, like those developed by AquaBounty, can even grow to 5 kilograms.
The genetic modification involves introducing genes from oceanic cod and emperor salmon, enabling the fish to produce more growth hormones. This allows them to grow year-round rather than just during spring and summer. For aquaculture companies, this means higher yields and greater profitability.
AquaBounty Technologies, based in Canada, has already listed on the London Stock Exchange and is actively seeking investors. Recently, the company received Canadian government approval to commercialize its genetically modified salmon eggs at a facility in Prince Edward Island. The eggs are then transported to a landlocked farm in western Panama, where they are raised in large tanks before being refrigerated and shipped globally.
To prevent any potential environmental risks, AquaBounty emphasizes that all the fish are female and sterile, reducing the chance of interbreeding with wild populations. Fisheries and Oceans Canada conducted a thorough risk assessment, including input from independent scientists and the Ministry of Environment. According to their report, the genetically modified salmon poses no harm to the environment or human health when raised in controlled facilities.
However, not everyone is convinced. Critics worry that if these fish escape, they could disrupt local ecosystems and compete with wild salmon for resources. In the UK, some lobby groups have raised concerns about the safety of the Panamanian facilities and the lack of proper oversight. Helen Wallace of GeneWatch called the situation "shocking," arguing that the facilities may not meet environmental standards.
The European Food Safety Authority has also come under scrutiny for not conducting sufficient safety checks before allowing GM fish into member countries. Additionally, there remains uncertainty over whether GM fish imported from Panama or elsewhere should be labeled as such.
Many British consumers believe clear labeling of GM products is essential, but the UK government has historically opposed mandatory labeling on food packaging. Meanwhile, the Canadian Biotechnology Action Network criticized the government's decision to approve the production of genetically modified salmon eggs, warning it could threaten wild Atlantic salmon populations.
As the debate continues, the commercialization of genetically modified salmon represents a major shift in both agriculture and consumer expectations. Whether this innovation will be widely accepted remains to be seen.
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