In today's livestock industry, the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics as growth promoters has significantly reduced the number of beneficial bacteria in the gut. This decline can lead to a decrease in the synthesis of essential vitamins, which are normally produced by the gut microbiota. As a result, animals may experience vitamin deficiencies that affect their overall health and performance.
With advancements in breeding technologies, the productivity of different animal breeds continues to improve. This enhanced performance increases the metabolic rate of various substances within the body, thereby raising the demand for essential vitamins. Animals now require more nutrients than ever before to support their higher energy levels and faster growth rates.
Modern animal husbandry is largely driven by commercial interests, aiming to maximize economic returns. However, this often leads to stressful living conditions such as overcrowding, fluctuating temperatures, poor air quality, and other environmental stressors. Under these conditions, the metabolic rate increases, further elevating the need for vitamins. If sufficient vitamins are not provided, animals may enter a subclinical disease state, which can hinder growth and development. In severe cases, it may even lead to illness. Adding extra vitamins, however, represents a minimal investment compared to the potential losses from poor health, making it a cost-effective and practical choice.
During specific physiological stages, such as pregnancy, lactation, or recovery from illness, animals have an increased need for vitamins. These periods require additional nutritional support to ensure proper development and recovery.
In summer, high temperatures often reduce feed intake, while the same heat stress increases the demand for certain vitamins. To compensate for this imbalance, the amount of vitamins added to the feed must be adjusted accordingly, sometimes requiring a significant increase.
The quality of individual vitamins used in feed mills can vary greatly, leading to losses due to expiration, static electricity, improper storage, mixing uniformity, and carrier quality. One of the most critical factors affecting vitamin availability is the uniformity of micronutrients in the feed. Vitamins are needed continuously in the body’s metabolic processes, but water-soluble vitamins are not stored. In China, there is still a lack of standardized testing methods for water-soluble vitamins, adding another layer of complexity to ensuring adequate nutrient supply.
Additionally, the quality of raw materials used in feed can impact nutrient absorption. For example, soybean meal with high urease activity may interfere with the absorption of other nutrients, necessitating an increased vitamin supplementation factor. Considering all these variables, it's important to calculate the optimal balance between the cost of adding more vitamins and the benefits of improved animal health and growth. This approach not only enhances feed conversion efficiency but also improves profitability for farmers.
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