Magnetic suspension bearings represent a cutting-edge advancement in bearing technology. Unlike traditional ball, plain, or oil-film bearings, magnetic bearings operate without physical contact, allowing rotors to achieve extremely high speeds with minimal mechanical wear, low energy consumption, and reduced noise. Their long service life, absence of lubrication needs, and pollution-free operation make them ideal for specialized environments such as high-speed applications, vacuum systems, and ultra-clean conditions. These bearings have found wide application in machining, turbomachinery, aerospace, vacuum technology, and rotor dynamics testing, and are regarded as a promising future in the field of bearings.
Research on magnetic bearings in China began in the late 1950s, but progress was limited for many years due to various challenges. In recent decades, academic institutions have made significant strides. Professor Zhao Hongbin from Tsinghua University has been actively researching this area since 1988. According to his analysis, magnetic bearings are a true mechatronic product, combining control theory, electronics, electromagnetism, rotor dynamics, and computer science. This research holds great academic value and offers unique advantages such as high speed, precision, and durability, potentially revolutionizing the electromechanical industry with no friction, no loss, and no speed limitations.
The key indicators for evaluating the performance of magnetic bearings include rotational speed, precision, and stiffness. In 1994, Professor Zhao’s team developed a five-degree-of-freedom magnetic bearing system at the Electromechanical and Control Laboratory. It achieved a speed of 53,200 rpm and successfully conducted internal grinding tests in 1997. Recently, they completed a CNC high-speed magnetic bearing test reaching nearly 50,000 rpm with a reversal accuracy of 1 micrometer—achievements that place China at the forefront in this field.
Compared to foreign counterparts, there is still a gap in technological maturity, but the high cost and restricted sales of foreign magnetic bearings pose challenges for Chinese industries. The industrialization of magnetic bearings is crucial for national development, offering vast market potential. Magnetic bearings use electric and magnetic forces to suspend the shaft. Electrostatic bearings rely on electric fields, while magnetic bearings use magnetic fields. Combined bearings utilize both, offering higher force capabilities and greater stability.
Electromagnetic bearings operate without direct contact, eliminating the need for lubrication and enabling operation in vacuum and extreme temperature environments. They can withstand high speeds (up to 23 million revolutions per minute) and offer long service life, flexible design options, and high rigidity. They are widely used in flywheels, flow meters, density meters, high-speed trains, centrifuges, hydro-generators, spacecraft, power meters, vacuum pumps, and gyroscopes. With advancements in magnetic materials and electronics, their applications continue to expand.
The force generated by electric or magnetic fields depends on factors like field strength, displacement, electrode area, and magnetic pole area. However, magnetic attraction decreases with the square of the distance between objects, making static systems inherently unstable unless controlled. To ensure stable operation, electromagnetic bearings typically incorporate radial and thrust bearings, servo control circuits, dampers, and sensors.
In conclusion, magnetic suspension bearings are a revolutionary technology with immense potential across multiple industries. Continued research and development will further enhance their performance and broaden their applications in the future.
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