Absorption chillers operate on a thermal cycle that is powered by a heat source such as steam, hot water, or even waste heat. Unlike electric chillers, which rely heavily on electricity, absorption chillers have minimal electrical power demands—typically less than 15 kW for the solution and refrigerant pumps combined. However, they require a significant amount of thermal energy to function efficiently, usually ranging from 0.5 (for single-effect systems) to 1.0 (for double-effect systems) in terms of heat input per unit of cooling capacity.
Due to their high heat requirements, absorption chillers generally need larger cooling towers compared to vapor compression chillers. But the benefit lies in the ability to utilize low-grade or waste heat sources, making them an attractive option for facilities with access to such resources.
In a single-effect absorption chiller, water is used as the refrigerant, while lithium bromide serves as the absorbent. This system relies on the natural affinity between the two substances to maintain the cycle. The entire process occurs under near-vacuum conditions, ensuring efficient operation. A dilute lithium bromide solution, typically at a concentration of 63%, collects at the bottom of the absorber. After passing through a heat exchanger, this solution moves into the upper shell, where it is heated by steam or hot water flowing around a bundle of tubes.
The heat from the steam or hot water is transferred to the solution, causing it to boil. As a result, refrigerant vapor rises into the condenser, leaving behind concentrated lithium bromide, which then absorbs more refrigerant vapor in the absorber. This continuous cycle allows the chiller to produce chilled water effectively.
If your company uses an absorption chiller, understanding its operation and benefits can help optimize performance and reduce energy costs. Whether you're looking for maintenance tips, efficiency improvements, or technical details, there's always more to learn about these systems.
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