After the fall of apple blossoms, it is crucial to implement an integrated pest and disease management strategy that aligns with the year-round control of key pests. The primary pests and diseases affecting apple trees include apple aphids, codling moths, leaf spot disease, powdery mildew, and nutrient deficiency syndrome. Following blossom drop, certain pests such as leafhoppers and ringworms may require chemical intervention for effective control.
1. **Apple Leafhoppers**: These pests have about 17 generations per year. The first and second instar larvae overwinter in the rough bark of the lower trunk and surrounding soil. Activity begins around mid-April, with peak infestations occurring in June and September. After the blossoms fall, it's an ideal time for treatment. Commonly used solutions include 48% emamectin benzoate diluted at 1500 times, 10% imidacloprid at 2000 times, and 5% acetamiprid at 2000 times. Focus on spraying the trunk and lower branches.
2. **Codling Moth**: This pest has approximately five generations annually. The larvae overwinter in fallen leaves, and adults emerge in early April. After the apples have dropped, the next generation of adults appears in June, July, August, and late September. Adult control is most effective during this period. Recommended treatments include 50% phoxim at 1000 times, 25% chlorfenapyr at 1500 times, and 20% fenvalerate at 2000 times. Apply the spray primarily on the underside of leaves.
3. **Apple Spider Mites**: There are three main species: mountain plant leafhopper, apple full claw mite, and two-spotted spider mite. The hawthorn leafhopper can produce 6–10 generations yearly, with females overwintering on the tree trunks. After the bloom, they move to the back of new shoots. Apple full claw mites also have 6–7 generations, with eggs overwintering on one-year-old branches. After the apples fall, the second generation of nymphs becomes active. The two-spotted spider mite behaves similarly. Treatments include 15% Qilong at 2000 times, 1.8% abamectin at 3000 times, and combined formulations. Focus on the undersides of leaves.
4. **Powdery Mildew**: This disease mainly affects the Red Star series. The pathogen survives in orchard trees and weeds, and infection occurs during flowering. Symptoms appear after harvest. Prevention and treatment options include 40% sulfur suspension at 400 times during initial flowering, 10% oxytetracycline (Polyan) at 1500 times during blooming, and 50% carbendazim at 500 times or 40% Fuxing at 8000 times after flowering.
5. **Leaf Spot Disease**: Also common in the Red Star series, the pathogen overwinters on damaged leaves, shoots, and buds. It spreads rapidly and can infect multiple times. Control measures after blooming include 10% oxytetracycline (Polylia) at 1500 times, 50% chlorhexidine at 1200 times, and 80% mancozeb at 800 times.
6. **Ring Rot**: This disease primarily affects the Fuji series. The pathogen overwinters on the trunk, and spores spread when temperatures rise in spring. Ring rot is a major concern for apple growers. Regular monitoring and early intervention are essential. Common treatments include 80% mancozeb at 800 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl at 800 times, 80% aluminum phosphite at 600 times, 50% carbendazim at 500 times, and 40% Fuxing at 8000 times.
7. **Black Spot Disease**: This condition only affects bagged fruit. The pathogen overwinters on infected fruit and leaves. The best time for prevention and treatment is 10–30 days after flowering. Ensure proper sanitation and use appropriate fungicides to reduce the risk of infection.
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