Self-help Manual for Six Hazardous Events

First, how to save ice water?

Once a person falls into one of them for a few minutes, it will freeze and numb and sink into the water. It's very dangerous. Take self-rescue measures as much as possible.

What is the survival limit of the human body in low temperature waters? Check the data on the relationship between human body and low temperature survival at home and abroad, only simple records: general men and women, dressed in uniform and keep still, the survival time in seawater: 0 °C the following seawater, can only tolerate a few minutes; 1 °C seawater, 7 points; 2 °C sea ​​water, 15 minutes; 2.5 °C sea ​​water, 30 minutes; 5 °C sea ​​water, 60 minutes; 10 °C sea ​​water, 3 hours. In fact, most people die prematurely earlier than the limit due to the low temperature that causes the numbness of the victim's limbs to lose their ability to move or because of fear of blindly struggling.

Self-rescue measures

1 . First of all, to keep calm, you must try your best to climb onto the ice, otherwise you will soon become cold and unable to climb.

2 . When climbing on the ice, keep your hands under water, step on your feet, float your body, and smash the thin ice in front of your body to find enough ice to support your body. The body's horizontal position gradually climbs onto the ice and rolls to move along the shore.

3 . When helping others, because students are weak, they should call for help. Then, pay attention to the choice of a firmer ice surface. It is best to use the clothes or hand that can be grasped and try to pull up the person who has fallen into the water.

4 . After returning home, the first thing is to drink a bowl of hot ginger soup to drive away the chill of the body and prevent serious illness.

Second, how can we help ourselves with crowded trampling?

1. When crowds are found rushing in the direction of walking, they should avoid them immediately, but do not run in order to avoid falling.

2. If there are shops, cafes, etc. on the roadside that can be temporarily evaded, you can temporarily avoid it. Remember not to go against the flow of people, it is very easy to be pushed to the ground.

3 , if you can't help but fall into the crowd, you must first stabilize your feet. Remember to keep windows away from the shop so as not to get damaged by the broken glass.

4. When you encounter crowded people, you must not use postures with forward or low center of gravity. Even if the shoes are stepped on, do not squat or take the shoes.

5. If possible, grab something that is solid and strong, such as a lamppost and the like, and leave the scene quickly and calmly after the crowd has passed.

What to do after chaos

1. Always be on the alert in crowded crowds, and be prepared to protect yourself and others when you find someone with a bad mood or when the crowd starts turmoil.

2 , at this time the foot should be sensitive, do not be stumbled, to avoid becoming a precipitating factor in crowded stampede events.

3 , when you find someone in front of him suddenly fell, immediately stop and at the same time call for help, told the people behind not to move forward.

4. When carrying the child to a crowded crowd, it is best to hold the child up to avoid being trampled in disorder.

5. If you are pushed down, try to get closer to the wall. Facing the wall, the body is ball-shaped and the hands are fastened behind the neck to protect the most vulnerable parts of the body.

Third, how should the car fall into the river to save itself?

1. When the car crashes into the river at night, the car may fall over and be buckled in the water. Passengers trapped in the car cannot distinguish between the up and down. When the water has not yet flooded the passenger compartment, passengers can accumulate saliva in their mouths and let saliva flow out of their mouths, in order to determine whether the car is overturned and the direction of escape that it should choose.

2. When you fall in the river in winter, you must first undress, but windproof clothing and down jackets cannot be taken off. These two kinds of clothes are slow to enter the water, have a certain buoyancy, help escape. After the surface is exposed, keep warm and prevent frostbite.

3. If the river is deep and the car has sunk, passengers should take a deep breath before drilling out of the car, and exhale slowly when swimming out of the water. Because every 10 meters of water is an atmospheric pressure, if you do not breathe slowly during ascent, the lungs may be injured by atmospheric pressure.

4. How to save yourself from driving in distress ?

In the process of driving, in addition to encountering natural disasters, you will also encounter other unexpected dangers. If you reasonably rescue yourself, you can effectively reduce casualties.

Vehicle falls into water

After falling into the water, you must not open the window and open the door to escape. This is often futile. When the vehicle rushes into the water, it should be as calm as possible. The driver should use the valuable opportunity of the passenger compartment not yet fully flooded to quickly adjust and calm emotions and judge the direction of the water surface. Generally speaking, the direction of light is the direction of the water. As far as possible to determine the damage of the body, doors, because the deformation of the door is difficult to open.

If you feel that the vehicle is sinking and the car is flooding, you should first open the insurance of the car door, remove the belt that you are wearing, and don't desperately try to open the car door and window. Because the pressure is so great, it is difficult to open the doors and windows of the car. , Invulnerability makes him nervous. He has to wait until the passenger cabin is about to fill with water and the pressure inside and outside is basically the same. He inhales deeply and helps and invites his companions to open the door or break the window to escape.

Car trap

Muddy roads are often uneven. When passing, try to make the chassis of the vehicle, especially the oil pan, do not touch the protruding objects on the ground, especially the hard objects such as stones. Be good at riding wheels on the raised areas of the road, so as to avoid stranding the chassis of the vehicle, otherwise the drive wheels will be empty and the car will not move. Therefore, you can choose to walk along the muddy road by driving into the muddy road, but you must avoid causing the bottom to fall because the protruding parts of the two wheels are too high.

If there are many people on the bus, you may wish to let the occupants of the back seat get off the bus and select the low-middle gear according to the specific conditions of the road ( usually with 1 block ) so that the vehicle has enough power to pass through the air and pay attention to it. Do not shift gears, not to stop.

If you are stuck in a quagmire, do not try hard to refuel or pull out. This will make the vehicle tires idling, and the result will be deeper depression. The driver should get off the car to find out the reasons and parts of the fall, use digging, padding, shop and other methods of remedying the disease, try to drive out the car, you can also ask other cars to help pull out the quagmire.

Fifth, how should the systemic cold injury after the snowstorm save itself?

( 1 ) When the patient is extremely cold, but the heart rate is still able to maintain perfusion, the focus of the intervention is to prevent further cooling, rewarming, and careful transport:

Prevent excessive evaporation to lose heat: avoid wind, get cold, remove cold and wet clothes, etc.

Transfer patients to the hospital with caution: Avoid rough handling and bumps, which may cause ventricular fibrillation.

Monitoring core body temperature and heart rhythm: If the patient's skin is extremely cold, it is not possible to obtain an electrocardiogram or monitor the heart rhythm using a patch-type electrode, and if necessary, a needle electrode can be used.

Do not delay the necessary life-saving operations such as intubation and blood vessel intubation: Operation must be gentle and closely monitor heart rate.

( 2 ) When the core body temperature is lower than 34 °C , it is necessary to rewarm, and general rewarming may be performed in a blanket or a warm room, but this rewarming method is not effective for patients with heartbeat, respiratory arrest or severe hypothermia. You can use a heating device (heat radiation, forced hot air, hot shower water) or a heated device (hot water bottle), etc. to actively re-warm, and use these devices to require careful monitoring of the patient and equipment at the same time, and care should be taken. Some researchers believe that positive external temperature can cause " afterdrop " effect (core body temperature continues to drop when peripheral cold blood thaws to the center). In addition, topical rewarming devices may cause tissue damage. If you use active peripheral rewarming, hot water bags should be used and should be placed on the trunk (neck, underarm, groin, etc.).

( 3 ) Active in vivo rewarming techniques are only for patients whose core body temperature is below 30 °C , including use of warmed ( 42 - 46 °C ) humidified oxygen, extracorporeal membrane oxygenator, peritoneal lavage, intravenous hot saline ( 42 °C - 44 °C ) and esophageal rewarming. There are no reports of randomized clinical controlled trials comparing these methods with each other.

6. How should the plane crash?

Modern passenger aircraft are relatively safe, but because the aircraft is flying at high speed in the air, once it fails or other reasons, it cannot be stopped and repaired at any time like other vehicles. Therefore, urgent safety measures must be taken during the flight.

In the unlikely event of an opportunity, you must not panic, trust the crew, obey orders and listen to the command, and actively cooperate with them in ambulance work.

When there is a possibility of an aircraft landing, immediately remove the body's sharp objects, put on all the clothes, wear gloves and hats, take off the high heels, put the debris in the back pocket of the seat, and straighten the back of the chair. Get a small table, fasten the seat belt, and use a blanket or pillow to cover the abdomen to prevent injury from sharp objects on the body.

After the aircraft related crash warning is issued, prepare a towel or cloth, and soak it to cover the nose and nose when there is poisonous smoke inside the aircraft. This will play a certain “filtering effect”.

When a plane is forced to descend, it usually adopts a posture of forward dorsiflexion, that is, the head is low and the legs are separated, and both hands grasp the feet with force. For body length, obese people, pregnant women, or elderly people, you can straighten your upper body, grab your armrests with both hands, or hold your head with both hands. Before the aircraft touches the ground, it is not necessary to be over-stretched, so as not to waste energy.

When hearing the captain’s final instructions, passengers should follow the above actions to prepare for collision. In the moment before the aircraft touches the ground, it is imperative that the whole body press hard and hold the air, so that the muscles of the body are in a state of tension and resistance to external forces to prevent violent impact.

When emerged from a distressed aircraft, emergency exits should be selected based on the instructions of the captain and surrounding conditions. Landing on the land is generally on the upper side of the wind; the water is forced to descend, usually on the lower side of the wind. After the aircraft is stopped, the seat belts will be released and then, under the command of the crew, they will emerge from the emergency exit. If it comes out on the surface of the water, the lifejacket should first be filled with air, and the rescue boat should be connected with the body before it falls into the water.

After getting out of danger, they should obey the command of the crew and gather at the designated place.

This article is edited and compiled by China Rescue Equipment Network. Please indicate the link.