Many people have such a question in their hearts. Why are the hardware parameters of smartphones soaring today, but the most concerned battery life technology has not kept pace? Mobile phone manufacturers obviously have no way to go when they are pursuing thin and light products. However, while continuously optimizing the internal design and system power consumption, consumers cannot accept the fact that new products only maintain the same battery life as the old products. Although the bottleneck encountered in battery technology cannot be solved in a short period of time, those fast-filling and flash-filling technologies that have become popular have made us see that the fire of the stars can be poked.
Mobile phone lithium battery charging principle
At present, lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in smartphones. Lithium-ion batteries were originally made in the 1970s. After 20 years of technology accumulation, Sony took the lead in commercializing this technology. While other high-tech battery technologies are still in the conceptual stage, lithium-ion batteries are dominant in each product line.
Usually we charge the phone every day, but few people have studied how to charge the lithium battery. In simple science, the charging process of lithium-ion batteries is divided into four stages: low-voltage pre-charging, constant-current charging, constant-voltage charging, and charging termination.
The charging method of the lithium battery is limited voltage constant current. The whole process is controlled by the IC chip. It first checks the voltage status of the rechargeable battery of the mobile phone. If the voltage is lower than 3V, the pre-charging will be performed first. At this time, the charging current is the set current. 1/10. When the voltage is raised to 3V, it will enter the process of standard charging. At this time, constant current charging will be performed with the set current, and when the battery voltage rises to 4.2V, it will be changed to constant voltage charging, while keeping the charging voltage on 4.2V, the charging current will gradually decrease until the current Charging ends when it drops to 1/10 of the set charging current. The general lithium battery charging process will be more than 2 hours.
We can also estimate the remaining battery capacity by measuring the voltage: 4.2V-100%; 3.95V-75%; 3.85V-50%; 3.73V-25%; 3.5V-5%; 2.75V-0%.
Fast charge: never change "P=UI"
So what is the quick charge? Everyone knows the basic formula of P (power) = U (voltage) I (current). In the case of ensuring that the charger voltage is higher than the battery voltage, fast charging is to let the charger adjust the input voltage and output current in real time according to the dynamic parameters such as battery voltage, electric quantity and even temperature during the charging process. Specifically, it is divided into three ways. .
1, boost voltage, constant current: this way will generate a lot of heat, power consumption will also increase, damage to the battery and mobile phone;
2, constant voltage, boost current: shunt under parallel circuit, the pressure on each circuit is reduced;
3. Increase voltage and increase current: Although this is the fastest way to increase power and increase charging speed, as with the first point, increasing voltage and current will generate more heat, thus increasing battery and equipment consumption. ;
After several years of technical accumulation, there are already some representative cases of fast charge on the market.
Qualcomm Quick Charge
The Qualcomm Quick Charge 1.0 technology released in 2012 supports up to 10W of charging power, which means that the current can reach 2A at 5V charging voltage. The Quick Charge 2.0 technology released in 13 years has increased the charging power to 36W based on 1.0, which shortens the charging time.
Quick Charge 2.0 is divided into A and B standards, and Class A is suitable for mobile phones, tablets and other electronic devices. Qualcomm official data said that the Quick Charge 2.0 Class A standard has a maximum charging current of 3A. If the charging power is 15W at 5V, the charging speed is faster than the 10W Quick Charge 1.0.
For better understanding, with the 9V/1.67A charger, the charging efficiency of the device will increase by 75%. For example, for a 3300mAh battery for half an hour, Quick Charge 2.0 can charge 60% after 30 minutes, while the traditional charging is only 12%. In addition, Quick Charge 2.0 also supports 5V, 9V, 12V three voltages, high voltage charger can be adapted to more devices, in order to avoid voltage loss and ensure charging efficiency.
For the model, the Quick Charge 1.0 only supports the model corresponding to the Snapdragon 600 processor, while the Quick Charge 2.0 can support the Snapdragon 200, 400, 410, 615, 800, 801, 805, 810, etc. Processor models, there are currently many smartphones with support for Quick Charge 2.0, including Moto X (second generation), Nexus 6, LG G Flex 2, Samsung Galaxy Note 4, Note Edge, Sony Xperia Z3, Z3 Compact HTC One M8, M9, etc., as well as some models that are not Opteron processors, such as the flagship model Samsung S6, S6 edge actually supports Quick Charge 2.0.
It's also worth noting that Quick Charge 2.0 requires a charger with a higher output power. If you use those old chargers, you can only maintain the normal charge level.
MediaTek Pump Express
In addition to Quick Charge 2.0, MediaTek platform also launched Fast Charge Technology Pump Express and Pump Express Plus in February last year and May this year. The official said that the charging speed can be increased by 45%, and also need to be used with a specific charger.
Two fast charge specifications
1. Pump Express provides less than 10W (5V) output power for fast DC charger, controlled output voltage: 5V/4.8V/4.6V/4.4V/4.2V/4.0V/3.8V/3.6V, mainstream output power :5V/1A & 5V/1.5A;
2. Pump Express Plus provides more than 15W output power for the charger. The difference is that the controlled output voltage is increased by 12V, 9V and 7V. It is 12V/9V/7V/5V/4.8V/4.6V/4.4. V/4.2V/4.0V/3.8V/3.6V;
The principle of Pump Express technology is mainly built into the PMIC power management integrated circuit, which can allow the charger to determine the initial voltage required for charging according to the current. At this time, the PMIC sends a pulse current command to the charger via USB Vbus (USB voltage). The command regulates the output voltage and the maximum charging current is obtained when the voltage is finally increased to 5V.
When the constant current is charged, the current sent to the battery is continuously reduced. According to the above figure, the voltage and current on the reverse transformer composed of Nsec to Naux are changed, and the Naux output current is supplied to the Vsense pin. The Vsense circuit calculates the change in current and then increases the voltage of the Npri transformer so that the output voltage of the secondary winding Nsec is also increased. According to the formula P=UI, the power input to the mobile phone charging IC is increased; it is guaranteed to continuously execute from P=UI (5V×very small current) to P=UI (greater than 5V) when the battery voltage is close to 4.2V. The adjustment of the voltage × small current) achieves the purpose of fast charging of the battery.
In terms of products, the MT6630 platform was the first to use the Pump Express technology. The subsequent Pump Express Plus is mainly used in new platforms such as MT6575 and MT6732. For example, the familiar mezu MX5 mCharge technology is based on Pump Express Plus, and also includes other mobile phones using MTK solutions.
VOOC flash charging technology
Quick Charge 2.0 and Pump Express technology have one thing in common is to achieve fast charging by increasing the charging voltage of the mobile phone. However, OPPO's fast charging idea is obviously radical, using low voltage and increasing current, such as Find. 7 is equipped with a charging mode of 5V voltage + 5A current, which can be charged with 75% of electricity in 30 minutes.
The two different hardware designs in the VOOC flash charging system are a 7-pin micro USB port and 8 metal contact batteries. Generally speaking, the conventional micro USB interface is 5 pins, while the mobile phone battery has 4 to 5 contacts, but the OPPO Find 7 is 7 pins and 8 contacts. This extra pin and contact can form a similar The series channel of multiple batteries increases the charging speed.
Since VOOC flash charging technology is not a platform technology, it currently only supports OPPO's own products, such as OPPO Find 7, N3, R7, and it must be used with flash chargers, which has a limited limitation.
What is the future battery technology?
Compared to the previous two years, today's fast charging technology has become more mature. When the new battery technology encounters bottlenecks, the fast charging technology can be said to solve the urgent need. Especially when you are away from home, or when you can't charge for a long time in an emergency, fast charge technology can win more time for you. It is not difficult to predict that future fast charging technology will become the standard for every mobile phone.
Of course, in the end, we still expect new breakthroughs in battery technology itself. Although many technologies are now in the concept stage, there are several more reliable guesses worthy of attention.
One way to say is that lithium-ion batteries will be replaced by lithium-sulfur batteries. Because traditional lithium batteries can cause lithium metal deposition after a period of use, which causes the battery capacity to expand and explode, which is the main reason why lithium batteries cannot be used for a long time.
During the research, it was found that the use of lithium sulfur instead of the traditional lithium polymer not only can achieve higher charging capacity, but also reduce the formation of lithium metal deposits to enhance stability. The design is actually to add a thin layer of silica (glass) to the sulfide, so that the separation of sulfur from the electrolyte is easier to pass between the electrodes.
Another possible solution is the new technology of lithium metal anode. The essence of this solution is to reduce the volume of the lithium battery, ensuring that the smartphone can be light and thin while obtaining more power by reducing the battery volume and increasing the number of batteries.
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