Aviation materials technology continues to make progress to open the golden age of ten years

Key materials such as carbon fiber, bismuth aluminum alloy and ceramic heat-resistant material have continuously broken through the technical bottleneck and the performance has been greatly improved. At the same time, leading-edge material technologies such as gallium liquid metal alloy, metamaterial and graphene are also accelerating the principle verification and engineering application research.
Materials are the material basis of aviation weapons and equipment. Advances in materials technology continue to drive the performance and upgrading of aviation weaponry. Significant progress has been made in advanced composite materials, high-performance metal structural materials, special functional materials, and electronic information materials, and the development of high-temperature, intelligent, micro-nano and designable.

I. The direction of composite materials New technology for mass production of carbon fiber In January 2016, a research team consisting of Toray, Teijin, Mitsubishi Riyang and the University of Tokyo developed a propylene fiber material that is not easily melted in a high temperature environment. There is no need to carry out the preparation process for preventing melting, and the electromagnetic wave is used to directly heat the fiber to replace the conventional autoclave heating process, so that the carbon fiber production speed is increased by 10 times. In addition, the new process can halve energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions during production.
Ceramic Composites Innovation In August 2016, NASA said that with the support of the revolutionary aviation concept project, researchers are studying ceramic-based composites (CMC) and protective coatings to replace current aerospace engines. Nickel-based superalloy for medium application. In addition, Japan's Ishikawajima Heavy Industries (IHI), Ube Industries Co., Ltd., and Shield Co., Ltd. will also trial and manufacture CMC aircraft engine high-pressure turbine blades in 2017. Ultra-low temperature self-repairing and deformable composites In September 2016, researchers first discovered a new composite material that can self-repair material cracks in ultra-low temperature environments. It can be used for fiber reinforcement components such as aircraft or satellites to achieve component on-orbit. service. The self-healing efficiency reaches 100% in the glass fiber reinforced material at -60 °C. In addition, Cornell University has successfully developed a deformable composite that combines self-assembly and self-healing properties. The US Air Force intends to use this material to make a deformed wing for a small UAV that adapts to changes in the environment from the air to the ocean, minimizing wing damage.

Second, the direction of metal materials Light alloy materials In May 2016, the American Institute of Lightweight Materials Manufacturing Innovation launched the titanium alloy and aluminum-lithium alloy project, aiming to better predict the performance of engine materials by improving the calculation model.
铍Aluminum alloy铍Aluminum alloy is a two-phase metal. The melting point and solid phase temperature of the two phases differ by 627 °C, which is difficult to cast and process. It has been only powder processing, the component is expensive, and the manufacturing time-consuming scrap rate is high, which limits the application of the alloy. . In 2016, Lockheed Martin (Loma) cooperated with companies such as IBC Advanced Alloy to develop a new aluminum-bismuth alloy Beralcast, which replaced the traditional powder metallurgy with a special casting process to realize the inertial platform shell of the F-35 photoelectric aiming system. Near net shape, it is expected to save 30% to 40% of manufacturing costs and significantly shorten the manufacturing cycle.
New Cast Iron Materials In January 2016, Engineering Propulsion Systems (EPS) designed a compact, lightweight, rugged aerospace diesel engine using the more compact "Compact Graphite Cast Iron" (CGI). This compact graphite cast iron achieves strength and crack resistance by adding tight graphite particles to interlock the iron matrix. Compared with ordinary gray iron and aluminum alloy, the tensile strength is increased by more than 75%, the hardness is increased by 45%, and the fatigue strength is nearly doubled. This material is currently used in the engine crankcase of EPS.

Third, the direction of special materials Broadband adjustable radar absorbing super material In February 2016, the United States Idaho State University used liquid gallium indium tin alloy instead of solid metal to manufacture the super-material internal structural unit - open resonant ring, developed a new type Flexible stealth metamaterial. The material can be continuously adjusted in the absorbing band of 8G to 11GHz, and the RCS is attenuated by 40 to 60dB. Compared with the radar absorbing material of the active equipment, the stealth performance is improved by 100 times. This achievement opens up a new technical approach for the study of broadband adjustable absorbing materials. New anti-icing materials In May 2016, with the support of the US Air Force Scientific Research Office and Carson Helicopter, Rice University invented a commercial production process for ultra-thin, highly conductive graphene strips, which was prepared using this process. A composite material with conductive properties that helps radome and glass de-ice. The coating test of the helicopter rotor blade shows that at -20 °C, the ice formed on the blade is about 1 cm thick, and only a small voltage of 0.5 W/cm2 power density is applied to the coating to transfer heat to the surface. . The coating effectively de-ices aircraft, transmission lines and other surfaces in real time and is more environmentally friendly than the glycol chemicals currently used at airports. In addition, the University of Houston in the United States in November developed a new material with a "magnetic smooth surface", effective anti-ice at -34 ° C, can be used for any surface anti-ice, is expected to significantly improve the anti-icing performance of aircraft and energy facilities.
High-temperature resistant ceramic materials In August 2016, Russian researchers developed a multilayer ceramic structural material based on a mixture of ceramics of silicon carbide and zirconium diboride, which is expected to withstand the extreme temperature of 3000 ° C and can be used for lifting. The temperature of the jet engine's combustion chamber can also be used to insulate the spacecraft as it re-enters the atmosphere or to create a sensor shield that measures the temperature of the engine. In December, the Imperial University of England team found that compounds of tantalum carbide and tantalum carbide (80% 钽 and 20% 铪) have a melting point of 3,905 ° C, paving the way for future applications in extremely hot environments, such as next-generation supersonics. The thermal shield of the aircraft and the fuel cladding of the nuclear reactor.
Self-cleaning, anti-reflective, anti-microbial coatings In September 2016, the University of Basque Country in Spain, in conjunction with the IBM El Marden Research Center in San Jose, USA, developed a coating that is resistant to microbial adhesion, self-cleaning and anti-reflection. The coating exhibits phase separation properties that significantly reduce microbial adhesion. The self-cleaning function is achieved by spraying inorganic silicon nanoparticles with hydrophobic properties on the acrylic coating to form a superhydrophobic surface with good strength and toughness. The anti-reflective property is achieved by introducing a porous structure, so that the effective reflectance of the coating is lower than that of the substrate; at the same time, in order to reduce the influence of the pore structure on the mechanical properties of the coating, the researchers have determined the optimum range of porosity.
Carbon Heatsink Materials In August 2016, United Technologies Aviation Systems (UTAS) supplied new tires and brakes to the US Air Force's 475 F-15 fighter jets. The new carbon brakes feature a patented carbon heat sink material that is four times longer than current brake systems; the new tires feature a boltless lock ring design that significantly reduces repair time and costs, reduces part count, and enhances the F-15 fighter aircraft. Team performance and performance.

Fourth, the direction of electronic materials Hypermaterial antenna In March 2016, Kymeta said that its mTenna metamaterial antenna has entered the military market. The mTenna antenna is automatically calibrated to adjust the reception of electromagnetic waves during flight. The manufacturing process is similar to that of a liquid crystal display or a smart phone glass screen. The cost is only 15,000 to 25,000 US dollars, which is significantly lower than the phased array antenna and the electric sweep antenna. In addition, the antenna consumes only 10W of power, transmits and receives, and weighs about 18kg, which can be carried by a single person.
Two-Dimensional Gallium Nitride Semiconductor Materials In August 2016, materials scientists at Pennsylvania State University used a graphene encapsulation method to add gallium atoms between two layers of graphene using a migration enhanced package growth (MEEG) technique. A chemical reaction is initiated to form an ultra-thin layer of gallium nitride encapsulated in graphene, and a two-dimensional gallium nitride material is first synthesized. This material has excellent electronic properties and strength and will have a transformative impact on the electronics industry.
Gallium Liquid Metal Alloy In May 2016, the US Air Force disclosed its ongoing radio frequency electronics research project for gallium liquid metal alloy (GaLMA). GaLMA consists of liquid metal, gallium and other conductive metals. It is light in weight and variable in configuration. It is important for platforms that strictly limit size, weight and power. It can extend flight time, increase load capacity and reduce aircraft traditional RF. Aerodynamic drag caused by the structure. GaLMA-based liquid electrons are a completely new approach and a completely different form of material for traditional RF electronics, allowing antennas and electrical contacts to be physically movable and reconfigurable so that the shape and function of the electronic components can The task needs to change.
Transparent ferromagnetic materials On October 9, Japanese researchers developed a transparent ferromagnetic nanoparticle film material, which is made of a mixture of nano-scale magnetic metal particles of iron-cobalt alloy and aluminum fluoride, which is expected to be used for windshield in aircraft. A new generation of transparent magnetic devices that directly display information such as oil volume and maps on glass, bringing innovative technological developments to industries including electrical, magnetic and optical devices.

Aviation Materials: Opening the Golden Age of the Decade 1. Summary The main bottlenecks in the aviation industry are gradually being broken, and demand is driving up the rapid growth. The slow development of the domestic aviation industry is mainly limited by the assembly capacity, material technology and aviation control policies. With the assembly of large aircraft, the improvement of alloy and casting technology, and the relaxation of navigation policies, the industry is expected to usher in high-speed growth. With reference to international experience and domestic air transportation/military demand, China's civil aviation and navigation fleet is expected to add more than 2,800 units of more than 50 seats. The aircraft, military four-generation / three-generation fighter / drone demand scale is about 2,000. Navigation will also drive considerable demand.
The material industry chain is complete, and the market for import substitution and maintenance is huge. Assume that by 2030, the demand for Chinese civil aviation/military aircraft is about 2,800 units / 2,200 units, and the fleet size is about 5,500 / 6,000 units, which corresponds to about 98,000 tons of titanium alloy demand, and 250,000 pieces for high-end casting and 3D printing parts. Civil aviation engine maintenance inspection demand is about 12,000 units, and military aviation engine demand is more than 5,000 units. With the domestic aviation materials gradually entering the supply system of China Commercial Aircraft and AVIC, from the perspective of material independent supply guarantee and airline operating cost control, the realization of domestic replacement of aviation materials in the future will become the trend of the times, and the localization of aviation materials has been gradually advanced. The import substitution and maintenance market has a broad space.
Titanium, new alloys, superalloys and 3D printing are the first to benefit. We judge that in the 2016~2017 big aircraft first flight and military aircraft replacement window period, listed companies that have already entered the domestic military aircraft/large aircraft supply chain certification are expected to achieve a reversal of performance and open up the growth space. Among them, titanium materials with advantages in production capacity and casting process, aerospace parts manufacturing relying on 3D printing technology to achieve traditional casting replacement, and aviation engine blade and engine maintenance are expected to take the lead.

2. The aviation industry is expected to usher in a golden age 2.1. The civil aviation manufacturing industry is gradually gaining harvest. The international aviation industry is rapidly increasing its demand for aircraft. In 2013, the new orders for Boeing and Airbus's civil aircraft reached a historical peak, indicating that the demand for aviation materials will remain high in the next few years. As we can see from the aircraft orders, there is a growing trend in the volume of orders for the aviation industry. In addition, the order fluctuation period is about 10 years. From a global perspective, the aviation industry's demand for civil aircraft is expected to attract a new round. cycle.
The demand for Chinese passenger airliners is strong. According to Boeing's forecast, in 2013-2032, the number of new civil aviation aircraft required in the world was 35,200, of which 5,580 were in China, accounting for 16%, and the Chinese market was worth 780 billion. Among them, 3,900 single-aisle aircraft, accounting for 70%, the huge market provides a broad space for the development of trunk and regional aircraft independently developed by C919 and ARJ21.
The ARJ21 stocking period is coming soon, and the C919's first flight is getting closer. On November 29, 2015, China's first medium and short-range new turbofan regional aircraft ARJ21, which was developed in accordance with international standards and has independent intellectual property rights, will be delivered to Chengdu Airlines and enter the market. From the first flight of ARJ21 to the operation of the flight route, the aircraft passed the airworthiness review of China Civil Aviation, the FAA shadow review, and the follow-up approval review, indicating that the aircraft indicated that the project level meets the world's most stringent aviation safety standards. The design and assembly technology of the regional jet passenger aircraft can be maturely used in airline operations, and the door of the domestic passenger aircraft civil aviation market has been opened. The prospects for the development and marketization of domestic jet passenger aircraft are expected. 2.2. Defense Airways Enters the Advanced Aircraft Installation and Development Cycle The Chinese Air Force will continue to improve. The comparison of air force shows that China is far behind the United States in terms of quantity and quality. China’s 2013 fighter fleet was about 1,455, only 51% of the United States. The other auxiliary models have a larger gap, and the transport/gas truck and trainer are only about 10% of the US. Considering the elimination of old fighters, the Chinese Air Force still has a lot of room for improvement. The fleet model is upgraded and replaced. According to the report of Flight International, between 2008 and 2013, the number of Chinese fighters dropped from 2,327 to 1,453. From the structural point of view, the main eliminations are Q-5, H-5 and J-6. Types, a total of 1,070 aircraft were eliminated, while the advanced models such as J-10, J-11 and JH-7 were updated by a total of 200. The decline in the number and the elimination of the old models all showed the urgent need for upgrading. .
The new model service and drone acceleration are installed, and the fleet size is expected to increase significantly. From the information that has been disclosed so far, it can be seen that the research and development progress of Chinese military aircraft has been greatly improved, and more than 20 models have been finalized, tested or recently delivered. It is expected that with the new aircraft service, the size of China's advanced fighter fleet is expected to increase significantly.
2.3. Breakthrough in the bottleneck of navigation policy, demand for civil drones and navigable aircraft. China's navigable aircraft model is expected to enter a rapid development. With reference to the experience of developed countries such as the United States, South Africa, and Brazil, after the economy and policies meet certain conditions, the general aviation industry has experienced a period of rapid growth of 6%-10% for 30 years. We have seen that although China's general aviation is still at a very low level, China's economic level has reached a certain height and the low-altitude restrictions have been gradually relaxed. In the past two years, the general aviation industry has experienced a rapid development trend. In 2013, the aviation industry policy was further improved. China General Aviation is expected to enter a 10-year or 20-year boom cycle.
The navigation development plan and policy conditions are gradually in place. In November 2013, the General Aviation Airline Tasks Approval and Management Regulations issued by the Military Commission and the Civil Aviation Administration, follow-up, follow-up policies such as the Low-altitude Aeronautical Chart, the Low-altitude Airspace Management Regulations, and the General Aviation Flight Control Regulations will be further developed. Solving technical problems has greatly promoted the development of general aviation. We believe that under the demand of downstream, including agriculture and security, the follow-up navigation industry and access policy support will accelerate.
The fleet size is expected to achieve rapid growth. Considering that the navigation aircraft is widely used in the fields of security and agricultural plant protection, with reference to the number of approximately 200,000 navigation aircraft in the United States, there is a huge room for growth in the demand for navigation aircraft in China. Compared with the US low-altitude control (airspace below 3000m), it began to open in the 1970s, and the US Federal Aviation Administration data showed that the number of US general aviation aircraft increased from less than 100,000 in 1965 to about 200,000 in 1980. At present, the number of general aviation fleets in China is about 2,000, and the room for further growth in the future is very impressive.
2.4. Large-scale material demand for fleet size growth and renewal The rapid development of the aviation industry will rapidly drive demand for aviation materials. With reference to international experience and domestic air transport/military demand, China's civil aviation and navigation fleet is expected to add more than 5,000 single-aisle and above aircraft. The demand for military fourth-generation/three-generation fighters/unmanned aircraft is about 2,000. There are also a large number of The demand for navigable helicopters and drones has led to a significant market for aerospace materials manufacturing and maintenance.

3. Material Perspective: Localization and Maintenance Demands Stimulate the Aviation Material Market 3.1. The first generation of aircraft, the material of the belt has become the core of aircraft development and manufacturing. Due to the increasing economic requirements of civil aviation for aircraft, various types of multi-purpose navigation aircraft and drone applications are emerging, and structural weight reduction and fuel efficiency improvement have prompted the large-scale application of various new types of aircraft in aircraft. The demand for new materials for the improvement of the performance of aviation military aircraft is also gradually reflected. Every time the aircraft is replaced, it is accompanied by innovations and applications of body materials, structural materials, engine materials and various component materials.
3.2. Titanium: In the domestic military aircraft and passenger aircraft components, the penetration of large titanium materials in China's aerospace industry will continue to rise. Titanium and its alloys are increasingly used in the aerospace industry due to their excellent properties in terms of specific strength, fracture toughness, heat resistance, corrosion resistance and the like. At present, the world aerospace titanium market is mainly concentrated in the United States, Russia, Europe and other countries and regions. From the perspective of improving the performance of aircraft, in the future, the amount of titanium used in large-scale passenger aircraft and advanced fighters in China will continue to climb. The amount of titanium alloy used in commercial feeders ARJ21 in China is 4.8%, and the amount of titanium alloy used in commercial trunk passenger aircraft C919 is as high as 9.3%, slightly higher than Boeing 777 (Boeing 777 is 7%-8%). As the country's support for the aerospace industry has increased year by year, the demand for downstream high-end titanium materials may lead to an explosive period as China's civil and military aviation fields may usher in explosive development opportunities.
The trend of localization of components is obvious. On the one hand, after completing the ARJ21 delivery and the C919 final assembly, COMAC began to gradually develop parts and components. On the other hand, a large number of structural components of Boeing and Airbus aircraft began to be manufactured by larger domestic aviation manufacturers, which is expected to directly stimulate domestic demand for titanium alloys.
Demand for titanium in the civil aviation sector is expected to increase by 5,000 tons. Globally, the amount of titanium used in civil aviation aircraft has increased year by year, based on the total order of Boeing aircraft in 2014 and the use of titanium for each aircraft type: B737 uses 21,528 tons of titanium and 747 tons of B747. 300 tons, B777 is 16,697 tons, B787 is 8,125 tons, combined with the output of each type of aircraft, the average price of titanium for aircraft is 30.19 tons / frame; according to Boeing's forecast for our civil aviation aircraft, by 2030, China Civil Aviation The total number of aircraft will increase by 2,800, which will require a total of 84,000 tons of titanium and an average annual demand of more than 5,000 tons.
Demand for titanium in the military aviation sector and drones is expected to reach 1,700 tons per year. Comparing the use of titanium in military aircraft between China and the United States, the average demand for titanium in each military aircraft in China is 3.1 tons per frame, which is much lower than the average domestic demand of nearly 8 tons per frame. The increase in the use of titanium will strongly promote military aircraft. Reduce weight and improve combat effectiveness. Since 2011, China’s military expenditure has remained at a steady growth rate of more than 10%. It is conservatively predicted that China’s military expenditure will remain at least 10% annual growth rate in the next 10 years, and the average titanium material usage of military aircraft will reach 4 tons per frame; Assume that after 10 years, the number of military aircraft and drones in China will increase by 2,000; the total amount of newly added titanium will reach 16,000 tons, and the average annual demand will increase by about 1,700 tons.
3.3. The proportion of aluminum alloy in the aerospace field of aluminum-lithium alloys and new aluminum alloys is as high as 70%. From a global perspective, the use of aluminum alloys for all types of civilian passenger aircraft has reached nearly 70%, of which Boeing 777 aluminum alloys account for half of the total, and Airbus A380 aluminum is also used up to 61%; for China's self-designed Among the main structural materials of large passenger aircraft C919: aluminum and aluminum-lithium alloy accounted for 65%, about 14 tons, and the aluminum alloy grades and product forms used included 7000 series alloys, 2000 series alloys, 6000 series alloys and aluminum-lithium alloys; The market's ARJ21 domestic regional passenger aircraft material has an aluminumation rate of 75%. More than 96% of the parts are made of heat-treated and strengthened 2xxx series and 7xxx series alloys. Only some parts are made of 5052 alloy. The research and development of large aircraft is inseparable from the support of materials, and the use of aluminum alloys in the aerospace industry still dominates.
The 2 Series and 7 Series aluminum alloys dominate the aluminum used in aircraft. The deformed aluminum alloy 1~8 series are all used in aerospace manufacturing, but the aluminum alloys used in large aircraft structures in the world are mainly high-strength 2 series (2024, 2224, 2324, 2424, 2524, etc.) and super high. 7 series of strength (7075, 7475, 7050, 7150, 7055, 7085, etc.).
Aluminum-lithium alloys will become an important development direction for large aircraft aluminum alloys. Aluminum-lithium alloy material is one of the most developed lightweight structural materials in aerospace materials in recent years. It has low density, high modulus of elasticity, high specific strength and specific stiffness, good fatigue performance, corrosion resistance and good welding performance. Many excellent overall performance. Replacing the conventional high-strength aluminum alloy can reduce the structural quality by 10%-20% and increase the stiffness by 15%-20%, which has shown broad application prospects in the aerospace field. In view of this, aluminum-lithium alloy has won the favor of the aerospace industry. As a new aerospace structural material, it has become a hot spot for the development and development of developed countries such as the United States, Britain, France and Russia.
The global aluminum-lithium alloy research and development process has entered the third generation of aluminum-lithium alloy era. Since the cost of the aluminum-lithium alloy is higher than that of the ordinary aluminum alloy, the plasticity at room temperature is poor, the yield ratio is high, the anisotropy is obvious, and the cold working is easy to crack, which makes the forming difficult, and it is difficult to manufacture complicated parts, thereby limiting the structure thereof. Component applications. However, in recent years, the development and forming technology of foreign aluminum-lithium alloys has become increasingly mature, not only in military aircraft and spacecraft, but also in the use of aluminum-lithium alloys for civil aircraft, such as the external storage of the space shuttle "Endeavour". Box, Airbus A330/340/380 series aircraft; At present, the new aluminum-lithium alloys have been developed mainly high-strength weldable 1460 and Weldalite series alloys, high-toughness 2097, 2197 alloy, low anisotropy AF/ C-489, AF/C-458 alloy, etc. These new aluminum-lithium alloys have been developed into the third-generation aluminum-lithium alloys for the development of global aluminum-lithium alloys, and are gradually being widely used in high-end aerospace.
Domestic aluminum alloy materials are mainly dominated by Southwest Aluminum, and other aluminum deep processing enterprises are expected to follow up. Due to the aluminum-lithium alloy casting process, the sheet metal rolling extrusion technology is highly demanded. The development of the new aluminum-lithium alloy is mainly carried out by the Southwest Aluminum Industry, and the third-generation new aluminum for the C919 large aircraft project has been successfully trial-produced. - Lithium alloy. At the same time, along with Boeing, Airbus and other new assembly lines in China, and the localization of some fuselage structures accelerated, domestic aluminum deep processing enterprises began to introduce related aluminum structural forgings, and Boeing, Airbus product verification, is expected in the future 2 Formed during the year.
3.4. Engine materials: Focus on high-temperature alloys and single-crystal blades 3.4.1. Superalloys The global market for high-temperature alloys is huge, with aerospace sector accounting for up to 55%. As of the end of 2012, the annual consumption of global superalloys has reached 280,000 tons, and the market space has exceeded 10 billion US dollars; especially in the aerospace industry, the consumption ratio is more than 55%. We believe that the downstream aerospace industry continues to increase. Driven by the demand, the demand will continue to increase with the development of high-end industrial in the world.
Superalloys are the core material of the engine. Engine core materials include titanium alloy blades for fans and compressor front stages, superalloys for afterburners and low pressure turbines, single crystal discs and blades for high pressure turbines, and superalloys for nozzles and combustion chambers. In general, iron-based high-temperature blades are used in combustion chambers, after-stage compressors, etc., which have high operating temperatures and require high pressure.
The annual demand for domestic aero-engines to pull high-temperature alloys is about 1,200 tons. Considering that the domestic aviation engine is mainly used in the military field, it is assumed that the demand for aero-engines will be about 3,200 units in the next 10 years, each weighing about 2 tons, the superalloys account for 50% of the total mass, and the finished product rate is about 50%, taking into account factors such as spare parts. The demand for high temperature alloys for aerospace engines exceeds 12,000 tons.
3.4.2. Blade forging and processing of single-crystal blades for aero-engines will shrink with foreign generations, and the market space is huge. Turbine blades are one of the core components of aerospace engines, and temperature tolerance is also a key factor in improving engine efficiency. The final stage compressor and the first stage fan directly contact the high temperature airflow above 1500 degrees Celsius, and at the same time bear huge pressure, and the material requirements are high. The single crystal blades that Chengdu Aerospace intends to put into production are expected to be successfully developed for aviation turbojet engines and eliminate the generation difference between domestic engines and imported products. Considering the requirements for the inspection of four generations of aircraft, large unmanned aircraft and third-generation aircraft, it is assumed that 1000 fighters will be installed in the next 10 years, the dual-engine models will account for 50%, the spare parts ratio will be 1.2, and the full-cycle replacement rate will be 1.8. The demand for aviation engines exceeds 3,240 units, and the market space for single crystal blades is about 102 billion yuan.
3.4.3. Derivatives The broad derivatives market is equally broad. Aeroengine blade and alloy technology can be derived into gas turbines and is widely used in power stations and ships. China's planned installed capacity of gas turbines in 2020 reached 120 million kilowatts, an increase of about 70 million kilowatts compared with the installed capacity at the end of 2014. According to the calculation of the mainstream 200 MW output of the gas turbine, the total installed capacity of the gas turbine exceeds 350 units. Compared with the traditional power, the gas turbine has the advantages of compact structure, high power, light weight and long service life, which can significantly improve the tactical technical performance of the ship. At present, there are only about 10 main ships in China that use gas engines. With the breakthrough of domestic marine gas turbine technology and the acceleration of naval ship loading speed, it is expected to form three major offshore fleets and several aircraft carrier formations in the future. In the next five years, it is expected to add about 30 destroyers and frigates, and 90 small and medium-sized ships. .
The “two-machine special” policy support has been strengthened, and high-temperature materials bear the brunt, and the downstream market prospects are expected. Aeroengines and gas turbines involve key areas such as national defense, civil aviation, and electric power infrastructure. At present, there is no production capacity in China, and the bottleneck of high-temperature materials makes domestically produced turbines always have a generation difference with foreign countries. In 2015, the aero engine and gas turbine project was first written into the 2015 government work report. Subsequently, the "Made in China 2025" plan also regards aero-engines as a key development area. The "two-machine" special investment scale may reach 100 billion yuan, and the capital demand can be guaranteed. On the other hand, we estimate that China's gas turbine/aviation engine demand will be about 1,160 units in the next five years, assuming each hot-end turbine is 2, each blade has 80 blades, and each blade has a unit price of 300,000 yuan. It is expected that the high-temperature material will be within 5 years. It will add 55 billion yuan in market space and about 35 billion yuan in the maintenance market.
3.5. 3D printing meets the needs of aerospace widgets 3D additive printing technology has a technical foundation that is widely used in the aerospace industry. From the perspective of foreign 3D printing applications, the two major passenger aircraft manufacturers Boeing and Airbus have used 3D printing to manufacture titanium alloy parts on their latest models. Among them, Boeing revealed that it has established a 3D printing database consisting of a model database-parts management system-printer to produce related parts. From 1997 to 2015, more than 20,000 aircraft parts have been printed. Airbus has applied more than 1,000 3D printing components on the A350 XWB model. On the engine side, GE's compressor temperature sensor housing manufactured using 3D printing has passed the FAA airworthiness certification, and Rolla's bearing base parts manufactured using 3D printing have been used for the A380 and completed the test flight. It can be seen that 3D additive printing is widely used in aircraft part connectors and structural parts, and conventional forgings can be widely replaced.
Use 3D printing to increase aircraft manufacturing efficiency and reduce operating costs. Due to the large number of non-standard parts and consumables in the aircraft, individual manufacturing molds tend to be costly during the production process. In some connected parts and special parts with relatively low precision requirements, 3D printing can greatly improve production efficiency. For example, Rollo disclosed that the efficiency of using 3D printed parts can be increased by 1/3 and the lead time can be reduced by 30%. 3D printing will re-engineer the aviation material maintenance system to save operating costs. Due to the wide variety of aircraft parts and the high frequency of repairs, aircraft manufacturers and airlines have to bear a large inventory of spare parts in the maintenance of aircraft parts, and the spare parts delivery cycle is longer. In Boeing, for example, the number of parts purchased per year is 783 million, and there are 5,400 parts suppliers worldwide. 3D printing is expected to re-engineer the aerospace parts supply process. Some small parts will no longer be purchased by suppliers but directly by 3D printing, which is expected to significantly reduce inventory costs and shorten lead times.
Increased 3D printing penetration will result in a large amount of material and processing needs. Assuming that the total demand for parts in the global aviation sector is about 3 billion pieces per year, and the average weight per part is 100 grams, the penetration rate of 3D printed parts in all aerospace parts is increased by 0.1%, which is expected to drive about 300 tons of 3D printed titanium powder materials. . Assume that by 2017, the penetration rate of 3D printing in parts will reach 1%, and the corresponding market size will exceed 9 billion yuan.
3.6. Non-metallic new materials: Focus on carbon composites and ceramic-based materials 3.6.1. Carbon fiber composites (CFRP): The new material of the fuselage material carbon fiber material effectively reduces the weight of the aircraft fuselage. Since CFRP is lighter in weight than conventional aluminum/titanium alloys and its impact and fatigue properties are close to that of metallic materials, it has been used in a large number of aircraft fuselage, airfoil and turbofan engine fans. At present, CFRP accounts for 22% to 50% of the weight of the whole machine in military aircraft and civil aircraft. The development of CFRP mainly includes four stages:
1) In the 1970s, it was mainly used for non-load-bearing structures such as fairings and hatches; 1 kg of CFRP could replace 3 kg of aluminum alloy;
2) In the 1980s, it was mainly used for secondary bearing structures such as vertical tail, flat tail, duck wing and auxiliary flap rudder surface, and the size and bearing capacity were further expanded;
3) In the 1990s, mainly with the maturity of the autoclave integral molding technology, CFRP was applied to large parts, including the fuselage and the wing. At the same time, the CFRP flaw detection technology has gradually matured and began to be applied in civil aviation aircraft;
4) Since 2010, CFRP has been tried to be used for engine fans. Due to the multi-layer cross-laying of the fibers, the material itself has an "anisotropic" performance, crack growth is slow, and the vibration attenuation rate is 5-6 times faster than that of the titanium alloy. The LEAP-X engine uses a CFRP three-dimensional carbon fiber braid to form a fan that achieves a fan weight reduction of approximately 50%.
3.6.2. Carbon-carbon composite materials: mainly used in brakes and have been applied to brake friction materials such as aviation and automobiles on a large scale. Carbon-carbon composites are lighter in weight, only about one-third of metal-based composites, and can be used as a friction material for brakes to reduce weight by 40%. At the same time, the material has good thermal stability. On the one hand, it has a good heat absorption function compared with high heat. On the other hand, it is not easy to melt and bond at a high temperature of 2000 degrees or above, which greatly reduces the maintenance frequency of aviation brakes. At the same time, the carbon-carbon composite material has certain structural properties, which helps to simplify the structure of the brake. At present, carbon-carbon composite materials have been widely used in the brake components of civil aviation and military aircraft, and gradually extended to friction materials such as automobiles and high-speed rail brakes.
3.6.3. Ceramic-based materials: Potential hot-end stator materials are primarily used to replace the stator material at the hot end of the engine. Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) may be the next generation of engine high temperature materials. Since the CMC weighs only one-third of the equivalent volume of metal alloy, the associated load-bearing components can be thinned, reducing engine weight and improving fuel efficiency. At the same time, the operating temperature of CMC is about 500 degrees higher than that of nickel-based alloy, which can greatly increase the operating temperature of the hot end and reduce the air-cooled components and design (the secondary turbine does not even need air cooling). When fully applied, the engine can be reduced by about 6% (455 kg).
At present, CFM's latest LEAP engine uses CMC material as the high-pressure turbine casing, and the GE9X will further expand the CMC range to the inner and outer combustor liners, high-pressure turbines 1 and 2 nozzles (static vanes), and 1 Stage shroud.
3.6.4. Porous Metal Film (EMF)
Mainly used for lightning protection of composite fuselage. Aircraft anti-light has become an important issue due to the large replacement of aluminum alloy fuselage in the fuselage. In aircraft manufacturing, the protection of composite fuselage lightning protection mainly uses porous metal foil (EMF).
In short, the development of many fields of aviation materials has greatly promoted the rapid development of related fields. Universities, research institutes and enterprises can jointly promote the import substitution of aviation materials. China's industry prospects in the aviation field are very broad.

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