In mythology, breathing soil is soil that can grow on its own. Nowadays, a new type of extracting and precipitating agent similar to the function of "rest soil" is released. Its "magic" is that it can form a solid extract with rare earth, and can be repeatedly extracted and recycled, which greatly improves the separation and enrichment of rare earth Efficiency, effectively avoid a lot of "three wastes" pollution in traditional technology.
As a non-renewable scarce strategic resource, rare earth is known as "super industrial monosodium glutamate". The current low-cost rare earth clean production technology has become a worldwide problem, and it is the commanding height of the industry in various countries. The scientific and technological achievements invented by the team of Sun Xiaoqi, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, were published in the international journal "Hydrometallurgy" a few days ago, which enabled China to maintain its global leading position in rare earth mining and separation technology.
Hidden worries of "three wastes" in prosperity
From mobile phones and cameras to precision-guided missiles and rocket satellites, rare earth shadows are everywhere in reality. There are two types of rare earth: light rare earth and heavy rare earth. In particular, ionic minerals distributed in the south of China occupy more than 70% of the world ’s heavy rare earth resources. Their resources are scarce and they are less replaceable. They can be widely used in highly sophisticated fields such as aerospace, military, defense, and new material synthesis.
However, earlier China, although a major rare earth country, was a "weak country" in related R & D. In the 1960s, the core technology of rare earth separation and purification has always been in the hands of a few countries in the world. China, which has huge rare earth resources, had to purchase deep-processed rare earth products from abroad at high prices.
After decades of hard work by academics such as Academician Xu Guangxian and other senior scientists, China ’s rare earth separation chemistry and engineering research has made great progress, occupying a leading position in rare earth mining, smelting, separation and purification, and established a complete industrial chain for rare earth resource utilization. The country with the largest reserves, the largest output and the largest export volume in the world. However, the traditional rare earth separation and purification technology also brings about problems such as the resource utilization rate needs to be improved and the environmental treatment cost is high.
According to estimates, the average resource utilization rate of China's traditional ionic rare earth metallurgy technology is less than 25%. For each ton of ion-adsorbed rare earth ore separated, it consumes 8-10 tons of hydrochloric acid, 6-8 tons of liquid alkali or 1-1.2 tons of liquid ammonia. . Li Mei, a recipient of the National Outstanding Youth Fund and a distinguished professor of the Yangtze River Scholars of the Ministry of Education, said sadly: "For decades, we have provided more than 90% of rare earth raw materials to the world, and other countries have used new materials. We But he has caused serious environmental pollution. "
In fact, the domestic traditional industrial rare earth separation system originates from abroad, and has been used industrially for decades. It is difficult for enterprises to optimize their defects by adjusting process parameters. How to change the raw material structure of rare earth extraction so that the entire rare earth extraction process does not cause "three wastes"? For many years, the domestic rare earth industry has been thinking and exploring.
Change the dilemma of "step by step" and open up the path of independent innovation from the source! The Sun Xiaoqi team focused on national goals, based on basic research, developed new extraction systems, promoted the research and development of clean and high-performance rare earth separation technology, improved the level of comprehensive utilization of resources, and strived to achieve sustainable development.
Find the "rest" and take the lead in developing a new "separation technique"
In the rare earth hydrometallurgical industry, the main function of the extractant-based separation process is to purify and enrich the metal, so the extractant is the most critical factor affecting the success or failure of the extraction process.
In the field of rare earth industrial production in China, solvent extraction and chemical precipitation are the two most widely used separation technologies, but there are still many deficiencies at this stage. For example, the solvent extraction method requires a large number of volatile organic solvents, which has safety and environmental problems ; Ammonia bicarbonate and oxalic acid industrial precipitant are difficult to recycle, and the generated wastewater has an adverse impact on the environment.
"The key to the development of clean and efficient rare earth separation technology lies in the design, preparation and screening of low-cost, high-performance extraction-precipitating agents." Sun Xiaoqi said that this is a fairly complex process that requires comprehensive consideration of cost, raw materials, stability, Factors such as extraction rate, selectivity, equilibrium time, extraction capacity, back extraction performance, solubility, toxicity, etc.
To this end, the Sun Xiaoqi team has carried out a large number of applied basic research, applying world-leading technology, and systematically researched basic scientific issues such as solution coordination chemistry, extractant design, extraction mechanism, and separation materials involved in the development of efficient and clean rare earth separation processes. , Solve the key scientific problems in the transition process of rare earth separation process from applied basic research to industrialization.
On this basis, the team of Sun Xiaoqi designed and prepared a new type of phenoxycarboxylic acid type extractant, which can quantitatively extract low-concentration rare earth, form a solid extract with rare earth, and can be repeatedly extracted and recycled. Based on this type of extractant, combined with the advantages of solvent extraction and chemical precipitation, a new extraction-precipitation process was developed.
The industrial test conducted by the team through cooperation with Ganzhou Rare Earth Group, Xiamen Tungsten Co., Ltd., and North Rare Earth Group showed that, compared with the traditional separation technology, this new separation technology is characterized in that the extraction process does not use organic solvents. The precipitant can be back extracted and recycled, and has the advantages of no industrial waste water generation and low cost; it has good safety, fast extraction-precipitation rate, and the size of the rare earth precipitation enrichment can be increased by more than tens of times, greatly improving The rare earth separation and purification efficiency has good industrial application prospects.
The optimal separation process can be customized according to the "gene map" of the extractant
Ionic rare earth minerals are distributed in southern provinces such as Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hunan in China, but the composition varies greatly. Take Fujian and Jiangxi's ionic ore as representative, the rare earth distribution in the ore is not the same, therefore, the process parameters developed will also be quite different. How to solve this problem?
To this end, the Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in cooperation with the Shanghai National Light Source, a major national scientific project, uses synchrotron radiation technology to study the mechanism, structure-activity relationship, and species distribution of the new extractant designed and prepared with rare earth, and strives to understand extraction at the molecular level. The influence of various factors of the agent on the separation process of rare earth forms a "gene map" of extraction-precipitation agent for different kinds of ionic mineral rare earth.
On this basis, the Sun Xiaoqi team cooperated with related companies to study different types of ion-type ore separation processes. For extractants and separation materials with industrial application prospects, according to the needs of the separation process, coordinate the relationship between cost and performance, and further screen and optimize the structure. At the same time, systematically evaluate the impact of different minerals, different extraction systems, and different separation equipment on the process, optimize process parameters, and determine the optimal process route.
At present, the Sun Xiaoqi team has built a new clean and efficient rare earth separation technology system, including new extractants and separation materials, rare earth ore leaching solution enrichment technology, heavy rare earth separation technology, ionic liquid saponification technology, radioactive waste comprehensive treatment technology, etc. His innovative work has been published in international journals such as "Journal of the American Society of Chemical Engineers", "Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering of the American Chemical Society" and "Green Chemistry", and was selected by the British Society of Chemical Engineers Global Award and the Chinese Chemical Society Hou Debang Chemical Science and Technology Award , Outstanding Engineer Award of China Rare Earth Society.
"Identify basic scientific problems from engineering technology, and then apply the results obtained by the basic research institute to industrial practice." The promotion of R & D technology in the industry promotes the development of China's ionic rare earth separation industry. (Reporter Xie Kaifei)
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