Compared to fossil fuels, biomass energy offers significant advantages such as renewability and lower pollution levels, which have made it a focal point in the development of new energy sources. Biomass energy is primarily harnessed through direct combustion, gasification, liquefaction, and anaerobic fermentation. Due to its high volatile matter content, high carbon reactivity, low nitrogen and sulfur levels, low ash content, and zero COâ‚‚ emissions during its life cycle, biomass is considered an environmentally friendly and efficient fuel.
Biomass combustion technology can be categorized into several forms, including biomass pellet combustion, bale burning, powder combustion, and gas combustion. In China, given the country’s resource conditions and current utilization levels, biomass combustion remains one of the most practical and efficient methods for utilizing biomass resources.
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### 1. Combustion Characteristics of Biomass Fuel
Biomass fuel differs significantly from coal in terms of composition and performance. As shown in Table 1, biomass has higher volatile matter content, lower ash and carbon content, and a lower calorific value compared to coal. These characteristics influence the combustion process, leading to unique challenges and opportunities.
| Fuel Type | C/% | O/% | H/% | S/% | A/% | V/% | Density (g/cm³) |
|---------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------|
| Biomass | 38–50 | 30–44 | 5–6 | 0.10–0.20 | 4–14 | 65–70 | 0.47–0.64 |
| Coal | 55–90 | 3–20 | 3–5 | 0.40–0.60 | 5–25 | 7–38 | 0.80–1.00 |
The combustion of biomass typically occurs in two main stages: the release of volatile matter and the subsequent combustion of the remaining char. The key features of this process include:
1. **High moisture content** – This requires higher drying temperatures and longer drying times, increasing flue gas volume and heat loss.
2. **Low density and loose structure** – Leading to a larger windward area and increased risk of being blown away, resulting in more suspended smoldering.
3. **Lower calorific value** – Resulting in a lower furnace temperature, making stable combustion more challenging.
4. **High volatile content** – Volatiles begin to release at around 250–350°C, and insufficient air supply leads to incomplete combustion.
5. **Difficult char combustion** – Due to ash wrapping and poor air infiltration, unburned carbon may remain in the ash, increasing mechanical losses.
These characteristics necessitate specialized design and operational strategies to ensure efficient and reliable biomass combustion.
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### 2. Different Forms of Biomass Burning Technology
#### 2.1 Biomass Pellet Combustion Technology
Biomass pellet technology involves compressing raw materials like straw, rice husk, sawdust, and wood chips using mechanical equipment such as pellet machines or briquetting machines. This results in dense, uniform fuel that is easy to store, transport, and burn efficiently with minimal pollutants.
In the 1930s, the U.S. began researching this technology, while Japan followed in the 1950s. By the 1970s, many European countries had started developing similar systems. However, imported equipment often comes with high costs, limited fuel flexibility, and issues like slagging and high power consumption—making them unsuitable for Chinese conditions.
China has been developing its own compression molding technology since the 1980s, producing various types of molding machines. However, dedicated combustion equipment for biomass pellets is still underdeveloped. Many units retrofit existing coal-fired boilers without considering the specific combustion properties of biomass, leading to inefficiencies, high pollutant emissions, and frequent slagging.
In 2003, Henan Agricultural University introduced a double-layer grate boiler designed specifically for biomass pellets. This system allows for staged combustion, better oxygen control, and improved efficiency, reducing smoke and particulate emissions.
#### 2.2 Biomass Bale Combustion Technology
This method is widely used in Europe, especially in Denmark, Belgium, and France. It involves burning large bales of compressed biomass directly in boilers. Some systems use whole bales, while others shred them before feeding into the furnace.
In the U.S. and Japan, similar technologies have been developed, with various types of balers and boilers available. These systems are designed to accommodate different sizes and types of biomass bales, ensuring efficient and consistent combustion.
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**Sanmenxia Futong New Energy** provides a range of biomass processing machinery, including pellet machines, straw briquetting machines, and wood pellet machines. These tools help convert agricultural and forestry waste into valuable energy sources.
For more information on the current status and future prospects of biomass combustion technologies, visit: [http://news.chinawj.com.cn](http://news.chinawj.com.cn).
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