At the moment, the high price period of vegetables, the rotten fruit directly leads to the reduction of vegetables, so many sheds are very large, and the vegetable farmers are complaining.
Summarize the situation reflected by the vegetable farmers, leading to the disease of rotten fruits of vegetables, there are four typical types, namely, melon bacterial leaf spot, tomato ulcer disease, eggplant cotton blight and spicy (sweet) pepper fruit rot. Next, we will analyze the field performance, control methods, prevention and control of these diseases and the good prevention and control experience of vegetable farmers.
Melon small green spot - bacterial leaf spot
Bacterial leaf spot is generally more serious in spring and autumn melons, causing severe reduction of melon. The disease can also be harmful to cucumbers, melons, loofah, bitter gourd and other vegetables.
Field performance: bacterial leaf spot disease infects melon fruit, often causing the skin to be green and not changing color. From a distance, the fruit epidermis is densely packed with small green dots. Careful observation, the epidermis of the patient's epidermis is nearly round, water-soaked, slightly sunken lesions, the lesions are easy to ulcerate, crack, cut inside the fruit becomes spoiled, smelly. The germ can spread all the way to the seed, causing the seed to be sterilized.
The law of onset: bacterial leaf spot disease is easy to occur in the rapid expansion period of melon melon and the early stage of color change. It is easy to develop under high temperature and high humidity conditions, and often combined with other pathogens to cause melon and melon rot. The pathogens mainly invade through wounds or stomata and water holes, and the disease surface is heavy and spreads quickly when there is condensation on the fruit surface.
Control plan: physical control, focusing on humidity control. When watering, prevent flooding of large water and try to avoid water accumulation on the ground. Especially in the rapid expansion period of the melon code and the early stage of color change. Pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification, especially the humidity in the shed after watering. The shed temperature should be increased in the first two days after watering. Shorten the surface dew condensation time of the plant, pay attention to the agricultural operation such as pruning after the dew is dry, and must fight drugs and prevent disease after the operation is completed.
Chemical control: Since the seed can cause disease, the seed disinfection treatment is first required. Seed soaking with 50-52 ° C warm water for 30 minutes before sowing. Or use a seed weight of 0.3% of 47% of the ruinong wettable powder + Jiamei gold point 10g seed dressing.
There are many agents for controlling bacterial diseases, mainly streptomycin, neomycin and copper preparations. Streptomycin and neomycin have been systemic agents, mainly for prevention; while copper preparations are contact-killing, and spraying after the disease can inhibit the further expansion of the disease. It is recommended to spray 3000 times streptomycin or neomycin to prevent bacterial diseases. If bacterial disease is found, it can be sprayed with 600 times or DT500 times of Longkes (thiafloxacin), among which Longke and DT Bacteria and fungi are effective, so fungi bacteria can kill one disease, and one drug cures both diseases.
Note: If the amount of spray can be too large or the number of sprays is too large, it will lead to small spots on the fruit surface, and the leaves will become thicker and harder. The farmers should use it with caution.
Vegetable farmer experience: Master Gong planted melon for many years, according to Master Gong: The melon produced by bagging, due to plant condensation and dripping in the shed, many melon bags will have accumulated water, these melons are particularly serious. In addition, the melon code of the bag mouth is not very tight. Therefore, when the vegetable farmers discover the above situation, they should discharge the water in the bag and fasten the bag mouth in time to reduce the incidence of the disease.
Tomato white bubble - bacterial ulcer disease
Field performance: In the green fruit stage, the fruit surface has a very shallow white circle at the beginning, and there is a light brown protruding point in the circle. After the fruit turned red, the surface of the diseased fruit showed a slightly bulging white dot, and the center was a brown wood-pinned protrusion called "bird eye spot". Sometimes the lesions are joined together to form an amorphous ward. "Bird eye spot" is a specific symptom of the diseased fruit.
Bacterial canker disease can also infect tomato seedlings and stems of adult plants. The damage to the stalk is mostly caused by the growth of the stalk pathogen, which causes the phloem and the pith to appear brown rot, which can extend into the fruit all the time, causing the young fruit to diapause, shrink and deform, causing the seeds to be abnormal and carrying bacteria, sometimes from the surface of the bracts. Infection, necrotic spots, and lesions spread to the fruit surface.
Incidence pattern: The pathogen is mainly invaded by various wounds, and can also invade from the stem or flower stalk of the plant. The spread of pathogens is mainly carried out by farming operations such as seeding, seedling transplanting and pruning. The shed is warm and humid, and the shed has a long duration of condensation or serious dripping in the shed.
Prevention and treatment plan: The disease is mainly prevention. Once the disease occurs, the fruit commodity is often greatly discounted. The seeds were sterilized and immersed in warm water at 55 ° C for 30 minutes. When pruning, you should prevent the infection of wounds when there is no dew in the morning. When the size of the walnut is large, it is easy to develop. In this period, it should be sprayed with agricultural streptomycin and other chemicals.
Chemical control: The main drugs are copper preparations and streptomycin. Pay attention to the rotation of the medicine when applying the medicine to prevent the resistance of the bacteria and affect the control effect.
Vegetable farmer experience: Garlicong is the first choice for prevention and treatment of drugs. This agent can be used for part-time bacterial ulcer disease and leaf mold.
Eggplant drop eggs - cotton blight
Eggplant plague, commonly known as "rotten fruit", "dropping eggs", "water rot", etc., rapid expansion after the onset, often caused a large number of rotten fruit, is one of the main diseases in eggplant production.
Field symptoms: This disease often causes the eggplant fruit to fall off from the stalk. The fruit close to the ground first occurred, and the damaged fruit surface showed a water-stained round spot, which was later extended to the whole fruit. The edge of the lesion was not distinct, slightly concave, and it was dark brown. Under high-humidity conditions, the surface of the diseased part was densely white and flocculent. Mild layer.
Incidence pattern: The environment of high temperature and high humidity is especially suitable for the infection of eggplant plague. When the temperature in the shed is 25-35 ° C, the humidity is high or there is dripping, the incidence in the shed is heavier. The length of the plant is heavy.
Mistakes in prevention and control: Many vegetable farmers mistakenly believe that eggplant plague is a sclerotinia disease, and the timing of prevention and control is delayed, and the control effect is poor. The difference between the two is that the plague disease has no white hair when the humidity is low, and there is sparse white cotton-like hair when the humidity is high. The sclerotinia sclerotiorum has a dense white mold layer, and there is a black sclerotium in the later stage. The plague disease is fast, large in quantity, and easy to drop eggs. The sclerotinia sclerotiorum is slow, low in number, and does not drop eggs.
Vegetable farmer experience: There is very little plague in the eggplant shed of the farmer Zhao Master. His analysis is mainly done in the following work:
The first is to apply the fully decomposed organic fertilizer before planting the eggplant, and ridge and colonize.
The second is to exhaust and drain as much as possible. Generally speaking, one hour after the morning shed, as long as the outside temperature is suitable, the temperature in the shed does not drop sharply after the wind is released, the vent should be opened and closed after 15-20 minutes. When the temperature rises to 33 °C, the air is released again. After half an hour, the air outlet is closed. When the temperature in the shed rises again to 33 °C, the air outlet is opened again. This is repeated twice, and the drainage effect is better.
The third is the management of the usual. It is found that there are old leaves, diseased leaves, diseased fruits, etc. in the shed, which should be removed from the shed and buried in time to avoid re-infection in the shed. The fourth is to use drugs in a timely manner. 70% props zinc (Antaisheng) wettable powder 600 times solution, 72.2% frost mold water agent 600 times liquid, 60% fluorine? manganese zinc (killing) wettable powder 800 times liquid, 7-separate Once every 10 days, control 2-3 times.
Spicy (sweet) pepper rot
Field performance: mainly harmful to the fruit. Nearly mature fruit or fruit that is close to the ground is susceptible to disease. After the fruit is infected, a large area softens rapidly. When the humidity is high, the disease minister has a dense white mold layer, and the diseased fruit quickly rots.
The law of incidence: under high-humidity conditions in the shed, such as after watering or when it hits even rainy weather. The incidence is heavy before and after the fruit color change period.
Mistakes in prevention: Bacterial black spot disease is similar to the symptoms of fruit rot and should be correctly distinguished. Black pepper black spot disease, when the fruit is ripe, dark green oil-like spots appear on the fruit. In the case of rainy and snowy weather, the whole fruit rots rapidly except the epidermis; under the dry condition, oily lesions form and gradually become brown and necrotic spots. The lesion is prone to secondary infection.
Control plan: physical control: Due to the high incidence of the above-mentioned diseases under high-humidity conditions, in the severe disease period, the chemical control measures must be combined with environmental control measures to reduce the humidity in the shed to prevent and control diseases, such as measures such as temperature and humidity. It is necessary to pay attention to reduce the number of pruning and reduce the wound when the humidity in the shed is large, so as to reduce the infection of the bacteria.
Chemical control: can spray 53.8% can kill 1000 times or DT500 times liquid or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 800 times, once every 10 days, continuous control 2-3 times.
Cucumber small yellow spot - brown spot
Speaking of cucumber yellow spots, cucumbers of many vegetable farms in the past two years have suffered greatly. The disease is rapidly onset, and soon the whole cucumber leaves are covered with small yellow spots, and the disease is difficult to control. Many vegetable farmers have a headache.
Field performance: At the initial onset, the leaves had small taupe spots, but the spots were not obvious. In the sunlight, small yellow spots with needle tips on the back of the leaves were visible. The posterior lesions gradually expand into light-colored or brown lesions with round or nearly rounded edges of varying sizes. In the later stage, the lesions developed, the central color became lighter, sometimes grayish white, the edges were gray-brown, and the lesions were recessed, showing a "fish-eye" shape.
The law of onset: The disease occurs mostly in the upper leaves of the plant, and it develops rapidly and can spread to the top of the head in 2-3 days. The disease is easy to develop in the case of a temperature of 25-27 ° C in the shed, high humidity or poor ventilation and ventilation.
Control plan: In general, the disease of cucumber plants with premature aging and weakened disease resistance is particularly serious. Once brown spot disease occurs, it is very difficult to control with a drug. Therefore, in the production to control brown spot disease, in addition to chemical control, but also from the maintenance of roots, stems and leaves, to improve the disease resistance and stress resistance of the plant itself.
The vegetable farmer Ding is to improve the disease resistance of cucumber plants by strengthening the daily management of cucumbers, thereby reducing the occurrence of small yellow spots in cucumbers. Last year, his family's cucumbers had barely been on a small yellow spot. It is understood that he did this:
First of all, pay attention to the seedlings after planting. It can be used to cultivate strong seedlings and improve the disease resistance of plants by using Jiameihongli+caustic roots or roots.
Second, the melon should be reasonable. In order to pursue the production, many vegetable farmers in the production see the melons, causing the vegetative growth of the plants to be greatly weakened, which leads to premature senescence of the plants. Especially the melons near the growth point of 15 cm can not be paralyzed. In general, each cucumber retains three large, medium and young melon strips.
Again, pay attention to curing the root system and prevent premature aging. Xiaobian learned from interviews in the countryside that many fertilizers used by farmers have hormones. Although such cucumbers can be seen in a short period of time after application of fertilizers, the plants will rapidly age and the yield will be greatly reduced. Remind the farmers to use some organic nutrient fertilizers with high nutrient content, such as Jiamei dividend, Hailibao, etc., not only conditioning the soil, supplementing the nutrition, but also rooting and rooting, and the effect of increasing production and income is very good.
Chemical control: When selecting a drug, it is best to mix two pesticides , and follow the principle of protective agent + systemic drug. The vegetable grower reflects the 500-fold methyl thiophanate-mixed chlorothalonil spray effect. it is good.
Eggplant small black spots - brown round star disease
Infecting the leaves of eggplant, causing a lot of dark brown spots on the leaves, the vegetable farmers called "small black spots." In production, there are more than a dozen diseases that infect the eggplant leaves to produce small black spots. However, the main disease is brown round star disease.
Field performance: Brown round star disease infects the early leaves of eggplant leaves as reddish-brown spots. After the lesions expand, the center fades to taupe, the central part of the lesion sometimes ruptures, the edges are still brown or reddish brown, and the gray mold layer is visible on the lesions. When the damage is serious, the lesions are contiguous and the leaves are easily broken or fallen.
The law of onset: Eggplant brown round star disease is easy to occur in the warm and humid shed environment and between the plants. In the greenhouse, especially when the shed temperature is high in autumn and spring, and the air humidity in the shed is large, the disease is widespread and heavy.
Mistakes in prevention: There are many types of diseases that cause small black spots on the leaves of eggplants during production. The vegetable farmer is unclear which is caused by misunderstanding and mistreatment. In recent years, six kinds of "small black spots" of brown spot disease, early blight, brown spot disease, brown round star disease, brown spot disease and bacterial brown spot disease have occurred.
Symptom analysis from the early stage of the disease: brown round star disease is a small red-brown circle; brown disease is a pale pale spot; early blight is a near-circular dark brown spot; brown spot is flooding A pale brown spot; brown spot is a fading greenish brown spot; bacterial brown spot is a brown spot with irregular leaf margins.
Analysis from the location of the disease: brown round star disease and bacterial brown spot disease mostly invaded from the edge of the leaf, there was yellow halo around the bacterial brown spot disease spot, and brown round star disease did not. The other four are mostly in the middle of the leaves.
From the disease with or without the ring pattern analysis: brown streak disease, early blight and brown spot disease have a ring pattern, brown round star disease and other three kinds of non-rotation.
Control plan: Because the disease is heavy when the field is closed and the shed is warm and humid, the prevention and treatment of this disease must first avoid the above-mentioned shed environment that is favorable for the disease in the shed. Suggestion: Dust off the shed film by diligently, keep the light transmission of the greenhouse well; open the aluminum-plated reflective curtain to increase the light intensity in the shed; properly dilute the plant, do a good job of pruning, and improve the permeability between the plants. Under the premise of temperature regulation and heat preservation, do a good job of ventilation and drainage in the greenhouse, and reduce the humidity of the air inside the shed. It can effectively prevent and reduce eggplant brown round star disease.
Chemical control: brown round star disease can be sprayed 600 times with chlorothalonil and 500 times with carbendazim. Because the small black spots on the leaves of eggplant are mixed with various diseases, it is harmful to prevent medicinal damage. The vegetable farmer can spray 600 times of chlorothalonil with DT500 times or 600 times of chlorothalonil with 600 times of frosting copper. One spray can prevent and cure various diseases at the same time.
Spicy (sweet) pepper fish eye spots - brown spot
Field performance: brown spot disease is mainly caused by spicy (sweet) pepper leaves. A circular or nearly circular lesion is formed on the blade, and the surface of the lesion is slightly raised, with a layer of wheel pattern, a grayish white dot in the middle, and a dark brown color around it, like a fisheye, so the vegetable grower The disease is called a fisheye spot. When the disease is severe, the diseased leaves turn yellow, often causing early defoliation of the pepper.
Characteristics of the disease: The disease can be transmitted by seed bacteria and soil. Often in the seedling stage seedlings began to develop. The high temperature and high humidity in the shed have a long duration, which is conducive to the spread of the disease.
Control plan: physical control measures. Remove the residue of the crop on the shed before planting. After each pruning, it is necessary to remove the sick plants and fallen leaves in time, and burn them intensively or deeply. Since the disease can be spread through the soil, it is necessary to carry out a shack in the summer vacant period, and the effect of preventing and treating this disease is better.
Chemical control: The disease can be transmitted by seed bacteria, so seed disinfection is necessary. It can be washed with 50% carbendazim WP 500 times for 20 minutes, then washed with 3% or with 3% of 50% carbendazim. In the initial stage of the disease, 70% of the water-dispersible granules 800 times solution or 70% of the propyl WP WP 800 times or 75% chlorothalonil WP can be used for prevention, and the drug is used once every 7-10 days. -3 times.
Tomato leaf mold
Field performance: The disease mainly infects tomato leaves. At the beginning, some chlorotic spots appeared on the back of the leaves. In the later stage, there were gray or black-purple irregular molds. The common people were called “black faultsâ€. The front of the leaves was chlorotic and yellow in the corresponding parts. In severe cases, the leaves often There is a dry curl.
Incidence pattern: Leaf mold usually spreads upward from the lower leaves of the plant. Generally, the temperature of the greenhouse is 20-25 °C, and the relative humidity is about 85%. Leaf mold disease is particularly serious in environments with weak sunlight, poor ventilation, and excessive humidity. The disease seriously affects the physiological function of the leaves, which can lead to a significant reduction in the yield of tomatoes.
Control plan: Tomato leaf mold is very prone to outbreaks, and once the disease is difficult to treat. In the prevention and control of leaf mold, the farmer Zhang Master is very experienced, and the tomato in his shed rarely causes leaf mold.
He told reporters that prevention and control of leaf mold should be carried out in stages, that is, protective treatment should be done before the disease occurs, and eradication treatment should be done after the onset of the disease. The rational use of drugs in two stages, scientific prevention and control, the effect is better.
The protective treatment phase is suitable for the occurrence of leaf mold in the shed environment, and the tomato is prevented before it occurs. At this time, it is necessary to spray a protective fungicide , such as 1500 times Amisida or 600 times chlorothalonil, or spray 47% rigon WP 600 times, spray once every 10 days, generally use 2-3 times, it can inhibit the germination of the spores of the disease, the spores do not germinate, then they can not infect the leaves, so they are not diseased. It should be noted that eradication fungicides should not be used in this period, because eradication fungicides generally only kill the hyphae that are still in the growth phase after germination. It does little effect on ungerminated spores and spores, so the use of eradicating agents at this time only increases the resistance and cost of control.
If the leaf mold has already occurred or the shed is heavier, the prevention and treatment should enter the treatment stage. When leaf mold occurs, it indicates that the pathogen has already harmed the leaves and began to multiply on the leaves. If not used in time, when the pathogens move with the farming operation or the airflow to which leaves, which leaves will recur. This stage should be immediately controlled by eradicative therapeutic agents. At present, the more effective drugs are 1000-1500 times of Ami, which is sprayed once every 7-10 days and sprayed twice. It can also be sprayed with Shishigao 1000 times and mixed with Cuili 1000 times liquid, and the effect is better.
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